CVE-2025-31651

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.8 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.2%, top 58% of all CVEs by exploit prediction. GitHub Security Advisory data not yet ingested — confidence will rise once GHSA publishes (typical lag: hours to days for open-source ecosystem CVEs; never for infrastructure-only CVEs).

Triggered by: NVD CVSS baseline
Sources: epss, nvd
Elevated
9.8
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS: 4%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: NoneExposed: 0

A fix is available — apply it.

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed.

This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected.

Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8(medium)
EPSS
90.1%
KEV
Not listed

Published

April 28, 2025

Last Modified

November 3, 2025

Advisory Details (3)

Auto-updated Jun 25, 2026
Patch available.
generic Patch Available

[SECURITY] [DLA 4244-1] tomcat9 security update

https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/07/msg00009.html
generic

oss-security - CVE-2025-31651: Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve

http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/28/3
generic
https://lists.apache.org/list.html?announce@tomcat.apache.org

Patch Availability(19)

Vendor / EcosystemFixed in / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntutomcat10-user (10.1.35-1ubuntu0.1) @ plucky2026-05-30ubuntu
redhatpki-deps:10.6-8060020260128101437.ad008a3a2026-02-16redhat
redhatpki-deps:10.6-8040020260129154709.522a0ee42026-02-16redhat
redhatpki-deps:10.6-8020020260128173505.4cda2c842026-02-16redhat
redhatpki-servlet-engine-1:9.0.43-4.el9_0.22026-01-08redhat
redhatpki-servlet-engine-1:9.0.50-1.el9_2.32026-01-08redhat
redhattomcat9-1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.12025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:9.0.87-1.el9_4.72025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.12025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.72025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:10.1.36-1.el10_0.32025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:9.0.87-3.el9_6.42025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:9.0.87-6.el9_7.12025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:9.0.87-1.el9_2.72025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat9-1:9.0.87-5.el10_0.42025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat-1:9.0.87-1.el8_8.82025-12-10redhat
redhattomcat2025-12-09redhat
redhatjws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws2025-12-09redhat
redhatjws6-tomcat-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws2025-11-06redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(2 across 1 ecosystem)
Maven(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core8.5.0 ... 8.5.99 (85 versions)——
org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina8.5.0 ... 8.5.99 (85 versions)——

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

All Vendor Advisories

(20)

Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 12× in last 7d / 45× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

  1. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-20 17:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-07-18 10:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-18 10:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-07-13 22:29 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-07-13 06:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-07-13 06:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-07-11 08:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-11 08:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-09 19:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-07-08 15:14 UTCEPSS rescore
Show 64 more
  1. 2026-07-07 03:21 UTCOSV refresh
  2. 2026-07-06 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-06 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-05 02:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-04 06:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-07-02 17:01 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-07-01 15:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-06-30 23:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-06-30 23:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-06-29 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-06-28 04:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-06-28 04:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-06-27 03:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  27. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  28. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  29. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  30. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-06-18 14:35 UTCOSV refresh
  32. 2026-06-17 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  33. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  34. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  35. 2026-06-15 17:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  36. 2026-06-14 23:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  37. 2026-06-13 23:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  38. 2026-06-13 23:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  39. 2026-06-12 23:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  40. 2026-06-11 13:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  41. 2026-06-10 22:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  42. 2026-06-10 13:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  43. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  44. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-06-04 13:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-06-04 13:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-06-02 20:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-06-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  57. 2026-06-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-05-31 22:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-05-31 22:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  60. 2026-05-31 00:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-05-31 00:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  62. 2026-05-30 06:47 UTCEG score recompute
  63. 2026-05-30 06:47 UTCVendor advisory
  64. 2026-05-29 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore

Publicly available exploits

(1 reference)

Working exploit code is in the public domain (1 GitHub PoC). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly — public PoCs typically lead to mass-exploitation within 24-72 hours.

  • GitHub PoCgregk4sec/CVE-2025-31651-o
    First seen Apr 8, 2025

    CVE-2025-31651 PoC

    Open source ↗

Related CVEs(same vendor + same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-31651?
CVE-2025-31651 is a critical vulnerability published on April 28, 2025. Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those…
When was CVE-2025-31651 disclosed?
CVE-2025-31651 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on April 28, 2025, with the most recent update on November 3, 2025. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-31651 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-31651 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 90.1% percentile likelihood of exploitation in the next 30 days — higher percentiles indicate greater predicted risk.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-31651?
CVE-2025-31651 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-31651?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-31651, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

Dependency Blast Radius

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