Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, a possible information disclosure vulnerability existed in Rack::Sendfile when running behind a proxy that supports x-sendfile headers (such as Nginx). Specially crafted headers could cause Rack::Sendfile to miscommunicate with the proxy and trigger unintended internal requests, potentially bypassing proxy-level access restrictions. When Rack::Sendfile received untrusted x-sendfile-type or x-accel-mapping headers from a client, it would interpret them as proxy configuration directives. This could cause the middleware to send a "redirect" response to the proxy, prompting it to reissue a new internal request that was not subject to the proxy's access controls. An attacker could exploit this by setting a crafted x-sendfile-type: x-accel-redirect header, setting a crafted x-accel-mapping header, and requesting a path that qualifies for proxy-based acceleration. Attackers could bypass proxy-enforced restrictions and access internal endpoints intended to be protected (such as administrative pages). The vulnerability did not allow arbitrary file reads but could expose sensitive application routes. This issue only affected systems meeting all of the following conditions: The application used Rack::Sendfile with a proxy that supports x-accel-redirect (e.g., Nginx); the proxy did not always set or remove the x-sendfile-type and x-accel-mapping headers; and the application exposed an endpoint that returned a body responding to .to_path. Users should upgrade to Rack versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, or 3.2.3, which require explicit configuration to enable x-accel-redirect. Alternatively, configure the proxy to always set or strip the header, or in Rails applications, disable sendfile completely.
CVE-2025-61780
“▲” beside the score: it is higher than NVD's CVSS score.
Score 5.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: MODERATE) published 2025-10-10. NVD baseline CVSS 5.3; sources differ by 0.5.
Also known asEUVD-2025-33749 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-r657-rxjc-j557 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- Lower severity and no public exploit yet
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 5.3
- EG Score
- 5.8MEDIUMmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 41EG Risk 41/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity58% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 5.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation0.5% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability100% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high. - EPSS PROB
- 0.6%
- EPSS %ILE
- 46th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (5.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 5.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 5.8 MEDIUMCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
- EG Likelihood
- 0.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-31). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
October 10, 2025
Last Modified
October 19, 2026
Advisory Details (4)
Auto-updated Oct 19, 2026Improper handling of headers in `Rack::Sendfile` may allow proxy bypass. · Advisory · rack/rack · GitHub
https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-r657-rxjc-j557commit fba2c8bc63eb (rack/rack)
Fix landed in rack/rack commit fba2c8bc63eb — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/fba2c8bc63eb787ff4b19bc612d315fda6126d85commit 7e69f65eefe9 (rack/rack)
Fix landed in rack/rack commit 7e69f65eefe9 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/7e69f65eefe9cd2868df9f9f3b0977b86f93523acommit 57277b774158 (rack/rack)
Patch available: rack/rack v3.2.4 (contains commit 57277b774158)
https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/57277b7741581fa827472c5c666f6e6a33abd784Patch Availability(4)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ubuntu | ruby-rack (2.0.7-2ubuntu0.1+esm8) @ focal | 2026-10-19 | ubuntu |
| rubygems | rack @ 2.2.20 (fixes < 2.2.20) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | rack @ 3.1.18 (fixes >= 3.0, < 3.1.18) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | rack @ 3.2.3 (fixes >= 3.2, < 3.2.3) | — | ghsa |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(5 across 5 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | 2.1.4-3, 2.1.4-3+deb11u1, 2.1.4-3+deb11u2, 2.1.4-3+deb11u3 |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | 2.2.13-1~deb12u1, 2.2.6.4-1, 2.2.6.4-1+deb12u1, 2.2.7-1, 2.2.7-1.1 |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | 3.1.16-0.1 |
| — |
Debian:14(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | 3.1.16-0.1, 3.1.18-1~deb13u1 |
| — |
RubyGems(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rack | 3.2.0, 3.2.1, 3.2.2 |
| — |
Weakness Classification(3)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
All Vendor Advisories
(1)
Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 41× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 95 of 197 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 5 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 102 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-01 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
- 2026-11-01 08:02 UTCEG score recompute▲ 0.50
- 2026-11-01 08:02 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r657-rxjc-j557 · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 5.8
- 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
- 2026-10-30 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
- 2026-10-29 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
- 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
- 2026-10-28 14:55 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-26 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-25 16:14 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-19 22:34 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-19 22:34 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-18 05:22 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-16 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
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- 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-12 16:52 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-11 20:26 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 18:38 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 15:13 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
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- 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
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- 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-02 03:11 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-09-29 15:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-09-19 15:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
- 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
- 2026-09-12 21:06 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 38th percentile
- 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
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- 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-25 01:56 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-24 14:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
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- 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
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- 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-11 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-10 23:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-08 19:25 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
Related CVEs(same product + same vendor + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownDebian:11:ruby-rack
Same vendor
5 shownubuntu:USN-7960-1
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2025-61780?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-61780 published?
Is CVE-2025-61780 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-61780?
How do I remediate CVE-2025-61780?
Dependency Blast Radius
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