Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14, Rack::QueryParser parses query strings and application/x-www-form-urlencoded bodies into Ruby data structures without imposing any limit on the number of parameters, allowing attackers to send requests with extremely large numbers of parameters. The vulnerability arises because Rack::QueryParser iterates over each &-separated key-value pair and adds it to a Hash without enforcing an upper bound on the total number of parameters. This allows an attacker to send a single request containing hundreds of thousands (or more) of parameters, which consumes excessive memory and CPU during parsing. An attacker can trigger denial of service by sending specifically crafted HTTP requests, which can cause memory exhaustion or pin CPU resources, stalling or crashing the Rack server. This results in full service disruption until the affected worker is restarted. Versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14 fix the issue. Some other mitigations are available. One may use middleware to enforce a maximum query string size or parameter count, or employ a reverse proxy (such as Nginx) to limit request sizes and reject oversized query strings or bodies. Limiting request body sizes and query string lengths at the web server or CDN level is an effective mitigation.
CVE-2025-46727
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
Score 7.5 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2025-05-08. NVD baseline CVSS 7.5; sources differ by 0.0.
Also known asEUVD-2025-13948 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-gjh7-p2fx-99vx (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 7.5
- EG Score
- 7.5HIGHmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 49EG Risk 49/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity75% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation1.2% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability100% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high. - EPSS PROB
- 1.2%
- EPSS %ILE
- 68th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (7.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 7.5 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
- EG Likelihood
- 1.2% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-31). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
May 7, 2025
Last Modified
June 17, 2025
Advisory Details (4)
Auto-updated Oct 27, 2026Unbounded parameter parsing in `Rack::QueryParser` can lead to memory exhaustion · Advisory · rack/rack · GitHub
https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-gjh7-p2fx-99vxcommit cd6b70a1f2a1 (rack/rack)
Fix landed in rack/rack commit cd6b70a1f2a1 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/cd6b70a1f2a1016b73dc906f924869f4902c2d74commit 3f5a4249118d (rack/rack)
Fix landed in rack/rack commit 3f5a4249118d — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/3f5a4249118d09d199fe480466c8c6717e43b6e3commit 2bb5263b464b (rack/rack)
Fix landed in rack/rack commit 2bb5263b464b — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/2bb5263b464b65ba4b648996a579dbd180d2b712Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-46727(13)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
- RHSA-2025:9838Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: Satellite 6.15.5.3 Async Update
- RHSA-2025:8323Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- RHSA-2025:8322Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- RHSA-2025:8319Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- RHSA-2025:8288Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- RHSA-2025:8289Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- RHSA-2025:8291Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- RHSA-2025:8290Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: pcs security update
- +5 more
Patch Availability(16)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ubuntu | ruby-rack (1.5.2-3+deb8u3ubuntu1~esm10) @ trusty | 2026-10-27 | ubuntu |
| redhat | rubygem-rack-0:2.2.14-1.el8sat | 2025-06-26 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.10.12-6.el8_6.8 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.11.1-10.el9_0.8 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.11.4-7.el9_2.5 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.11.7-2.el9_4.4 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.9.169-3.el7_9.4 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.10.8-1.el8_4.7 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.12.0-3.el10_0.2 | 2025-05-29 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.10.15-4.el8_8.6 | 2025-05-28 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.11.9-2.el9_6.1 | 2025-05-28 | redhat |
| redhat | pcs-0:0.10.18-2.el8_10.5 | 2025-05-28 | redhat |
| redhat | rubygem-rack-0:2.2.14-1.el9sat | 2025-05-14 | redhat |
| rubygems | rack @ 2.2.14 (fixes < 2.2.14) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | rack @ 3.0.16 (fixes >= 3.0, < 3.0.16) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | rack @ 3.1.14 (fixes >= 3.1, < 3.1.14) | — | ghsa |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(5 across 5 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | 2.1.4-3, 2.1.4-3+deb11u1, 2.1.4-3+deb11u2, 2.1.4-3+deb11u3 |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | 2.2.13-1~deb12u1, 2.2.6.4-1, 2.2.6.4-1+deb12u1, 2.2.7-1, 2.2.7-1.1 |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | — |
| — |
Debian:14(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-rack | — |
| — |
RubyGems(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rack | 3.1.0 ... 3.1.9 (14 versions) |
| — |
Weakness Classification(2)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Additional Vendor Advisories
(1)
Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 39× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 95 of 204 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 5 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 109 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-01 08:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-gjh7-p2fx-99vx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.5
- 2026-11-01 08:06 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-30 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-29 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-27 12:23 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-27 12:23 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-26 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-25 16:23 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 68th percentile
- 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-18 15:16 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-18 05:31 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
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- 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-12 17:03 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-11 20:36 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 18:47 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 15:23 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-08 17:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 67th percentile
- 2026-10-02 14:41 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-27 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-26 00:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-21 21:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-17 19:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-13 12:54 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 65th percentile
- 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-09-05 15:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-09-01 04:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-25 14:10 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-24 09:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-11 13:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-10 23:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-09 06:27 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.2% · 64th percentile
- 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 58th percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 58th percentile
Related CVEs(same product + same vendor + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownDebian:11:ruby-rack
Same vendor
6 shownredhat:RHSA-2025:8254 · redhat:RHSA-2025:9838 · ubuntu:USN-7507-1
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2025-46727?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-46727 published?
Is CVE-2025-46727 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-46727?
How do I remediate CVE-2025-46727?
Dependency Blast Radius
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