ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently, the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 contain a patch for the issue.
CVE-2025-25292
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
Score 9.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2025-03-12. NVD baseline CVSS 9.8; sources differ by 0.0.
Also known asEUVD-2025-6414 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-754f-8gm6-c4r2 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- High exploitation likelihood — EPSS 65%
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 9.8
- EG Score
- 9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 85EG Risk 85/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity98% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation65% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability100% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high. - EPSS PROB
- 65%
- EPSS %ILE
- 99th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
- EG Likelihood
- 65% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-01). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
March 12, 2025
Last Modified
November 3, 2025
Advisory Details (10)
Auto-updated Oct 9, 2026GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330: Authentication bypasses in ruby-saml - CVE-2025-25291, CVE-2025-25292 | GitHub Security Lab
https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-samlSAML roulette: the hacker always wins | PortSwigger Research
https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-winsSignature Wrapping Attack issue on ruby-saml · Advisory · omniauth/omniauth-saml · GitHub
https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xvSAML authentication bypass due to namespace handling (parser differential) · Advisory · SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml · GitHub
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-754f-8gm6-c4r21.18.0 (Mar 12, 2025)
Patch available: SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml v1.18.0
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.01.12.4 (Mar 12, 2025)
Patch available: SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml v1.12.4
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4commit e9c1cdbd0f9a (SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml)
Patch available: SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml v1.18.0 (contains commit e9c1cdbd0f9a)
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97commit e76c5b36bac4 (SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml)
Patch available: SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml v1.12.4 (contains commit e76c5b36bac4)
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9Sign in as anyone: Bypassing SAML SSO authentication with parser differentials - The GitHub Blog
https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentialsGitLab Critical Patch Release: 17.9.2, 17.8.5, 17.7.7 | GitLab Docs
https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-releasedVendor Advisories for CVE-2025-25292(1)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
Patch Availability(3)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ubuntu | ruby-saml (1.1.2-1ubuntu1+esm2) @ xenial | 2026-11-01 | ubuntu |
| rubygems | ruby-saml @ 1.12.4 (fixes < 1.12.4) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | ruby-saml @ 1.18.0 (fixes >= 1.13.0, < 1.18.0) | — | ghsa |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(3 across 3 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-saml | 1.11.0-1, 1.11.0-1+deb11u1 |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-saml | 1.13.0-1, 1.13.0-1+deb12u1, 1.15.0-1, 1.17.0-1 |
| — |
RubyGems(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| ruby-saml | 0.0.5 ... 1.9.0 (81 versions) |
| — |
Weakness Classification(2)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
All Vendor Advisories
(1)
Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 19× in last 7d / 59× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 96 of 171 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 4 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 75 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-01 22:38 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-11-01 22:38 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-11-01 22:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-754f-8gm6-c4r2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
- 2026-11-01 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-11-01 08:08 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-754f-8gm6-c4r2 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
- 2026-11-01 08:08 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 22:54 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 22:54 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-30 23:10 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-30 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-29 23:26 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-29 23:26 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-28 23:42 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-28 23:42 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-27 23:58 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-27 00:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-26 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-25 20:50 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-25 16:39 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-24 21:06 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 21:06 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-23 21:22 UTCEG score recompute
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- 2026-10-23 21:22 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-22 21:37 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-22 21:37 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-21 21:52 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-21 21:52 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-21 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-20 21:54 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-20 21:54 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-19 22:09 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-18 20:56 UTCEG score recompute
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- 2026-10-16 21:22 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-15 18:19 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-15 18:19 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-14 12:03 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-14 12:03 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-12 17:16 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 11:56 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-11 20:48 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 18:58 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 15:36 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-02 20:40 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
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- 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
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- 2026-09-13 18:09 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
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- 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-25 19:39 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 65% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-09 11:37 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 64% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 64% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-01 04:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 64% · 99th percentile
- 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 64% · 99th percentile
Related CVEs(same product + same vendor + same CWE)
Same product
9 shownDebian:11:ruby-saml · RubyGems:ruby-saml
Same CWE
10 shownCWE-347
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2025-25292?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-25292 published?
Is CVE-2025-25292 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-25292?
How do I remediate CVE-2025-25292?
Dependency Blast Radius
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