CVE-2025-21760

HIGHPre-NVD 7.88.0
EchelonGraph scoreHIGH confidence

“▲” beside the score: it is higher than the CVSS score beside it.

Score elevated to 8.0 because EPSS predicted 38% probability of exploitation within the next 30 days (98th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs) when EchelonGraph scored this CVE. CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1 baseline 7.8 retained for reference (NVD's own analysis pending). Confidence: see factors.

Triggered by: EPSS exploit prediction (continuous uplift above 30%)
Sources: CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1, EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory
Trending — 4 sources updated this weekElevated

Also known asEUVD-2025-5152 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

8.0EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 38%CVSS: 7.8Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb()

ndisc_send_skb() can be called without RTNL or RCU held.

Acquire rcu_read_lock() earlier, so that we can use dev_net_rcu() and avoid a potential UAF.

CVSS v3
7.8
EG Score
8.0HIGHhigh confidence
EG Risk
51
EG Risk 51/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity78% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
38%
EPSS %ILE
98th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (8.0): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.0 is EPSS's lift toward 9.0 from its impact severity (EG Severity, CVSS 7.8 HIGH): a likelihood of exploitation, not impact.

EG Severity
7.8 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
38% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-29). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

February 27, 2025

Last Modified

October 15, 2026

Advisory Details (10)

Auto-updated Jul 14, 2026
Patch available.
Web pageMentions a patch (unverified)

[SECURITY] [DLA 4178-1] linux security update

https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html
Web pageMentions a patch (unverified)

[SECURITY] [DLA 4102-1] linux-6.1 security update

https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00028.html
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ed6ae1f325d3c43966ec1b62ac1459e2b8e45640
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e24d225e4cb8cf108bde00b76594499b98f0a74d
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ae38982f521621c216fc2f5182cd091f4734641d
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a9319d800b5701e7f5e3fa71a5b7c4831fc20d6d
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/789230e5a8c1097301afc802e242c79bc8835c67
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4d576202b90b1b95a7c428a80b536f91b8201bcc
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/10a1f3fece2f0d23a3a618b72b2b4e6f408ef7d1
Web page

ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04e05112f10354ffc3bb6cc796d553bab161594c

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-21760(2)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(31)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-tools-fips (5.15.0.140.80) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-20.04-edge (5.15.0.140.135) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-lts-22.04 (5.15.0.1083.79) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips (5.15.0.1083.73) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-edge (5.15.0.1083.92~20.04.1) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.216.208) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips (5.4.0.1149.91) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp-tools-5.4.0-1064 (5.4.0-1064.68) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips (5.4.0.1151.88) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-24.04-edge (6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1) @ noble2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-edge (5.15.0.1089.98~20.04.1) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-realtime (5.15.0.1084.88) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gke-5.15 (5.15.0.1081.80) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips (5.15.0.1089.74) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-kvm (5.4.0.1133.129) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-edge (5.4.0.1144.154~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-ibm-edge (5.4.0.1092.97~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws (6.11.0-1014.15) @ oracular2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.216.236~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-fips (5.15.0.1084.80) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-ibm-lts-20.04 (5.4.0.1092.121) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-bluefield (5.4.0.1105.101) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-64k (6.11.0-1016.17) @ oracular2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-nolpae (5.15.0.1078.76) @ jammy2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi2-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.1129.160) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-hwe-18.04-edge (5.4.0.1129.142~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-edge (5.4.0.1146.156~18.04.1) @ bionic2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-lts-20.04 (5.4.0.1146.143) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-fips (5.4.0.1120.117) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-edge (5.15.0.1084.91~20.04.1) @ focal2026-10-30ubuntu
linuxKernel @ 5.4.291 (fixes >=2.6.26)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(5 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 5.10.92-2 (45 versions)
  • every version up to 5.10.237-1: fixed in 5.10.237-1
—
linux-6.16.1.106-3~deb11u1 ... 6.1.128-1~deb11u1 (6 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.129-1~deb11u1: fixed in 6.1.129-1~deb11u1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.1.106-1 ... 6.1.99-1 (35 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.129-1: fixed in 6.1.129-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.12.16-1: fixed in 6.12.16-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.12.16-1: fixed in 6.12.16-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(24)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 45× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 96 of 224 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 4 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 128 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-31 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  2. 2026-10-30 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  3. 2026-10-30 14:05 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-30 14:05 UTCVendor advisory
  5. 2026-10-30 14:05 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  6. 2026-10-29 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  7. 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  8. 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  9. 2026-10-26 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  10. 2026-10-25 16:43 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  12. 2026-10-24 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  13. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  14. 2026-10-23 03:24 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-23 03:24 UTCVendor advisory
  16. 2026-10-23 03:23 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  17. 2026-10-22 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  18. 2026-10-21 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  19. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  20. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  21. 2026-10-18 05:46 UTCEG score recompute
  22. 2026-10-17 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  23. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  24. 2026-10-15 16:39 UTCEG score recompute▲ 0.10
  25. 2026-10-15 16:39 UTCVendor advisory
Show 71 more
  1. 2026-10-15 16:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  2. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 38% · 98th percentile
  3. 2026-10-15 02:40 UTCEG score recompute▼ 0.30
  4. 2026-10-15 02:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  5. 2026-10-15 02:25 UTCNVD updateCVSS v3 → 7.8
  6. 2026-10-15 01:44 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-15 01:44 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  8. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  9. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  10. 2026-10-12 17:19 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-11 20:51 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-11 19:01 UTCEG score recompute
  13. 2026-10-11 15:41 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  15. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  16. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  17. 2026-10-08 17:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  18. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  19. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  20. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  21. 2026-10-02 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  22. 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  23. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  24. 2026-09-28 02:02 UTCOSV refresh
  25. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  26. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  27. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  28. 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  29. 2026-09-22 14:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  30. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  31. 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  32. 2026-09-16 05:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  33. 2026-09-15 03:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  34. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  35. 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  36. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  37. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  38. 2026-09-08 09:52 UTCEG score recompute
  39. 2026-09-08 09:52 UTCVendor advisory
  40. 2026-09-08 09:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  41. 2026-09-07 12:48 UTCOSV refresh
  42. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  43. 2026-09-05 15:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  44. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  45. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  46. 2026-09-01 13:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  47. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  48. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  49. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  50. 2026-08-25 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  51. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  52. 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  53. 2026-08-20 22:31 UTCOSV refresh
  54. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  55. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  56. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  57. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  58. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  59. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  60. 2026-08-10 23:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  61. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  62. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 37% · 98th percentile
  63. 2026-08-05 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 33% · 98th percentile
  64. 2026-08-05 14:03 UTCEG score recompute▲ 0.40
  65. 2026-08-05 14:03 UTCVendor advisory
  66. 2026-08-05 14:03 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-wm97-xp23-f4x4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  67. 2026-08-05 12:31 UTCMITRE cvelistV5CVSS v3 → 8.1
  68. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 33% · 98th percentile
  69. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 33% · 98th percentile
  70. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 33% · 98th percentile
  71. 2026-07-30 07:21 UTCEG score recompute

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-21760?
CVE-2025-21760 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on February 27, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ndisc: extend RCU protection in ndisc_send_skb() ndisc_send_skb() can be called without RTNL or RCU held. Acquire rcu_read_lock() earlier, so that we can use dev_net_rcu() and avoid a potential UAF.
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-21760 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-21760 was published on February 27, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 15, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-21760 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-21760 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 38% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (98th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-21760?
CVE-2025-21760 has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 (CISA-ADP / Vulnrichment enrichment; NVD's own analysis pending). EchelonGraph synthesises CISA-ADP (Vulnrichment) CVSS v3.1 + FIRST EPSS + GHSA into a combined EG score of 8.0 (HIGH).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-21760?
A fix for CVE-2025-21760 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-21760 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

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