Improper neutralization of quoting syntax in PostgreSQL libpq functions PQescapeLiteral(), PQescapeIdentifier(), PQescapeString(), and PQescapeStringConn() allows a database input provider to achieve SQL injection in certain usage patterns. Specifically, SQL injection requires the application to use the function result to construct input to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal. Similarly, improper neutralization of quoting syntax in PostgreSQL command line utility programs allows a source of command line arguments to achieve SQL injection when client_encoding is BIG5 and server_encoding is one of EUC_TW or MULE_INTERNAL. Versions before PostgreSQL 17.3, 16.7, 15.11, 14.16, and 13.19 are affected.
CVE-2025-1094
“▲” beside the score: it is higher than NVD's CVSS score.
Score elevated to 9.0 because EPSS predicted 90% probability of exploitation within the next 30 days (99th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs) when EchelonGraph scored this CVE. NVD baseline CVSS 8.1 retained for reference. Confidence: see factors.
Also known asEUVD-2025-1999 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- High exploitation likelihood — EPSS 90%
- Public exploit code is available (Metasploit, other public proof-of-concept code)
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 8.1
- EG Score
- 9.0CRITICALhigh confidence
- EG Risk
- 72EG Risk 72/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity81% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation90% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high. - EPSS PROB
- 90%
- EPSS %ILE
- 99th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (9.0): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.0 is EPSS's lift toward 9.0 from its impact severity (EG Severity, CVSS 8.1 HIGH): a likelihood of exploitation, not impact.
- EG Severity
- 8.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
- EG Likelihood
- 90% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-01). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
February 13, 2025
Last Modified
April 15, 2026
Advisory Details (6)
Auto-updated Sep 12, 2026[SECURITY] [DLA 4052-2] postgresql-13 regression update
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/02/msg00024.html[SECURITY] [DLA 4052-1] postgresql-13 security update
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/02/msg00015.htmloss-security - Re: CVE-2025-1094: PostgreSQL: Quoting APIs miss neutralizing quoting syntax in text that fails encoding validation, enabling psql SQL injection
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/02/20/1oss-security - Re: CVE-2025-1094: PostgreSQL: Quoting APIs miss neutralizing quoting syntax in text that fails encoding validation, enabling psql SQL injection
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/02/16/3PostgreSQL: CVE-2025-1094: PostgreSQL quoting APIs miss neutralizing quoting syntax in text that fails encoding validation
https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/CVE-2025-1094/Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-1094(20)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
- CVE-2025-1094Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC)High
PostgreSQL quoting APIs miss neutralizing quoting syntax in text that fails encoding validation
- RHSA-2025:3978Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: postgresql security update
- RHSA-2025:3082Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: postgresql:12 security update
- RHSA-2025:3064Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: postgresql:12 security update
- RHSA-2025:3063Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: postgresql:12 security update
- RHSA-2025:3062Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: postgresql:12 security update
- RHSA-2025:3050Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: postgresql:12 security update
- RHSA-2025:1745Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: libpq security update
- +12 more
Patch Availability(30)
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(15 across 10 ecosystems)
Alpine:v3.18(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql14 | — |
| — |
| postgresql15 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.19(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql15 | — |
| — |
| postgresql16 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.20(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql15 | — |
| — |
| postgresql16 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.21(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql16 | — |
| — |
| postgresql17 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.22(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql16 | — |
| — |
| postgresql17 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.23(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql17 | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.24(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql17 | — |
| — |
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql-13 | 13.10-0+deb11u1 ... 13.9-0+deb11u1 (19 versions) |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql-15 | 15.10-0+deb12u1 ... 15.9-0+deb12u1 (12 versions) |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| postgresql-17 | — |
| — |
Weakness Classification(1)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Additional Vendor Advisories
(12)
Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1720IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1720 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1721IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1721 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1722IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1722 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1723IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1723 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1724IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1724 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1725IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1725 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1726IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1726 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1727IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1727 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1728IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1728 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1729IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1729 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1732IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1732 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2025:1733IMPORTANT2025-02-13
RHSA-2025:1733 — Important
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 25× in last 7d / 80× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 99 of 166 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 1 repeat row among the latest 100 is merged into the row it repeats. The 67 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-02 11:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-11-02 11:53 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-11-02 11:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-11-01 13:24 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-11-01 13:24 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-11-01 13:23 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-31 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-31 14:54 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 14:54 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-31 14:54 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-30 16:25 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-30 16:25 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-30 03:30 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-30 03:30 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-30 03:30 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-29 05:01 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-29 05:01 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-29 05:01 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-28 06:32 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-28 06:32 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-28 06:32 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-27 08:03 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-27 08:03 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-27 08:03 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
Show 74 moreShow fewer
- 2026-10-26 07:15 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-26 07:15 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-25 16:48 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-25 08:44 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 08:44 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-25 08:44 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-24 10:15 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 10:15 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-24 10:15 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-23 11:45 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-23 11:45 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-23 11:45 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-22 13:13 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-22 13:13 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-22 13:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-21 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-21 14:44 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-21 14:44 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-21 14:44 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-20 15:36 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-20 15:36 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-19 16:54 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-19 16:54 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-19 16:54 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-18 18:13 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-18 18:13 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-18 18:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-18 05:52 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 19:41 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 19:41 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-17 19:40 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-17 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-16 21:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-16 21:11 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-16 21:11 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-15 18:03 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-15 18:03 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-15 18:02 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-14 11:52 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-14 11:52 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-14 11:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-13 11:09 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-13 11:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-12 17:27 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 12:38 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-12 12:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-mhw9-x46c-v6q4 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 8.1
- 2026-10-11 20:57 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 19:07 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 15:48 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-30 19:14 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-26 15:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-22 14:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-20 20:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-16 05:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-12 02:10 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-11 14:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-24 07:57 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 90% · 99th percentile
Publicly available exploits
(4 references)Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (1 Metasploit module, 3 GitHub PoCs). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly.
- Metasploitexploit/linux/http/beyondtrust_pra_rs_unauth_rce✓ verifiedPublished Feb 17, 2025
BeyondTrust Privileged Remote Access (PRA) and Remote Support (RS) unauthenticated Remote Code Execution
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCskraft9/CVE-2024-12356Published Sep 4, 2026
Unauthenticated RCE detector + RCA for BeyondTrust Remote Support / PRA (CVE-2024-12356 + CVE-2025-1094)
Open source ↗ - Open source ↗GitHub PoCishwardeepp/CVE-2025-1094-PoC-Postgre-SQLiPublished Mar 14, 2025
- GitHub PoCsoltanali0/CVE-2025-1094-ExploitPublished Feb 27, 2025
WebSocket and SQL Injection Exploit Script
Open source ↗
Related CVEs(same product + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownAlpine:v3.19:postgresql16
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2025-1094?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-1094 published?
Is CVE-2025-1094 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-1094?
How do I remediate CVE-2025-1094?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2025-1094
Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2025-1094?
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