Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI web application library. In versions on the 3.x branch prior to 3.0.1 and on the 2.x branch prior to 2.3.8, if an upload of a file that starts with CR or LF and then is followed by megabytes of data without these characters: all of these bytes are appended chunk by chunk into internal bytearray and lookup for boundary is performed on growing buffer. This allows an attacker to cause a denial of service by sending crafted multipart data to an endpoint that will parse it. The amount of CPU time required can block worker processes from handling legitimate requests. This vulnerability has been patched in version 3.0.1 and 2.3.8.
CVE-2023-46136
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
This high-severity CVE scores 7.5 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 1.3% (70th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). GitHub Security Advisory CVSS 5.7 is lower than this score; a lower GitHub score revises it only when its advisory is newer than the CVE record's last change, and this advisory (published 2023-10-25) is not newer than that change (2026-06-17), so it does not.
Also known asEUVD-2023-0280 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-hrfv-mqp8-q5rw (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 7.5
- EG Score
- 7.5HIGHmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 34EG Risk 34/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity75% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation1.3% × 40%FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's BOD 26-04 default: no one has published Automatable for this CVE, and CISA treats it as “no” for a CVE not in KEV.SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).Exploitation none (no CISA value, KEV listing or exploit code on record) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). EchelonGraph holds no SSVC assessment of this CVE from CISA: none of these inputs is from Vulnrichment. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines. - EPSS PROB
- 1.3%
- EPSS %ILE
- 70th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (7.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 7.5 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
- EG Likelihood
- 1.3% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-31). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
Exploitation none (no CISA value, KEV listing or exploit code on record) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). EchelonGraph holds no SSVC assessment of this CVE from CISA: none of these inputs is from Vulnrichment. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA's BOD 26-04 default) · Technical impact total (CISA's BOD 26-04 default). Where an input reads “CISA's BOD 26-04 default”, no one has published it for this CVE, and CISA's implementation guidance says: “If “Automatable” and “Technical Impact” information items about a CVE ID are not available and the CVE ID is not in the KEV Catalog, CISA will treat its values as “no” and “total,” respectively, until CISA or a third party provides metadata about the CVE ID. CISA will always provide the Vulnrichment data for a CVE ID listed in the KEV Catalog.” Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
October 25, 2023
Last Modified
June 17, 2026
Advisory Details (3)
Auto-updated Nov 1, 2026High resource usage when parsing multipart/form-data containing a large part with CR/LF character at the beginning · Advisory · pallets/werkzeug · GitHub
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/security/advisories/GHSA-hrfv-mqp8-q5rwcommit f3c803b3ade4 (pallets/werkzeug)
Patch available: pallets/werkzeug 3.1.0 (contains commit f3c803b3ade4)
https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/f3c803b3ade485a45f12b6d6617595350c0f03e2Vendor Advisories for CVE-2023-46136(4)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
- RHSA-2025:9775Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Ceph Storage 8.1 security, bug fix, and enhancement updates
- RHSA-2023:7610Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: OpenShift Container Platform 4.12.45 packages and security update
- CVE-2023-46136Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC)High
Werkzeug vulnerable to high resource usage when parsing multipart/form-data containing a large part with CR/LF character at the beginning
- GHSA-hrfv-mqp8-q5rwGitHub Security AdvisoriesMedium
Werkzeug DoS: High resource usage when parsing multipart/form-data containing a large part with CR/LF character at the beginning
Patch Availability(7)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| redhat | oath-toolkit-0:2.6.12-1.el9cp | 2025-06-26 | redhat |
| redhat | python-werkzeug-0:2.0.1-8.el8ost | 2024-01-16 | redhat |
| redhat | python-werkzeug-0:2.0.1-6.el9ost | 2024-01-16 | redhat |
| redhat | python-werkzeug-0:2.0.3-5.el9 | 2023-12-06 | redhat |
| redhat | python-werkzeug-0:2.2.3-2.el9 | 2023-11-29 | redhat |
| pip | werkzeug @ 3.0.1 (fixes >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.1) | — | ghsa |
| pip | werkzeug @ 2.3.8 (fixes >= 2.0.0rc1, < 2.3.8) | — | ghsa |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(6 across 6 ecosystems)
Alpine:v3.23(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| py3-werkzeug | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.24(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| py3-werkzeug | — |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-werkzeug | 2.2.2-3 |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-werkzeug | — |
| — |
Debian:14(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-werkzeug | — |
| — |
PyPI(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| werkzeug | 0.1 ... 3.0.0 (90 versions) |
| — |
Weakness Classification(3)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Additional Vendor Advisories
(4)
Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 11× in last 7d / 41× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 94 of 228 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 6 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 134 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-01 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 70th percentile
- 2026-11-01 08:18 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hrfv-mqp8-q5rw · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 5.7
- 2026-11-01 08:18 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 70th percentile
- 2026-10-30 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 70th percentile
- 2026-10-29 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 70th percentile
- 2026-10-28 19:30 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-28 19:30 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-28 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 70th percentile
- 2026-10-27 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 70th percentile
- 2026-10-26 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.3% · 69th percentile
- 2026-10-25 17:33 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-24 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-23 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-22 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-20 22:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-20 22:11 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-20 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-18 07:48 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-16 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
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- 2026-10-15 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-14 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-13 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 64th percentile
- 2026-10-12 18:17 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-11 21:43 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-08 17:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-07 18:24 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-04 23:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-30 16:32 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-29 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-27 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-26 00:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-24 14:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-22 14:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-21 20:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-20 20:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-18 00:20 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-17 19:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-16 05:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 63rd percentile
- 2026-09-13 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-12 14:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-08 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-05 15:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-04 13:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-04 05:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-09-01 04:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:13 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-28 21:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-16 14:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 62nd percentile
- 2026-08-15 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 61st percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 61st percentile
- 2026-08-13 11:21 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-12 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 61st percentile
- 2026-08-11 13:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 61st percentile
- 2026-08-10 23:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 61st percentile
- 2026-08-09 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.1% · 61st percentile
Related CVEs(same product + same vendor + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownAlpine:v3.23:py3-werkzeug · Debian:12:python-werkzeug · Alpine:v3.24:py3-werkzeug
Same vendor
10 shownredhat:RHSA-2023:7473 · redhat:RHSA-2025:9775 · redhat:RHSA-2023:7610
Same CWE
10 shownCWE-400 · CWE-787
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2023-46136?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2023-46136 published?
Is CVE-2023-46136 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-46136?
How do I remediate CVE-2023-46136?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2023-46136
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