Action Pack is a framework for handling and responding to web requests. In versions prior to 7.2.3.2, 8.0.5.1 and 8.1.3.1, Active Storage does not disable libvips operations marked unsafe for untrusted content, allowing a crafted upload to invoke such an operation. Consuming applications are affected when configured to use libvips and accept image uploads from untrusted users. An unauthenticated attacker may exploit this behavior to read arbitrary files accessible to the Rails process, including environment variables and application secrets. Exposure of credentials such as secret_key_base or external-service tokens may enable remote code execution or lateral movement. This issue has been fixed in versions 7.2.3.2, 8.0.5.1 and 8.1.3.1.
CVE-2026-66066
“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.
This critical-severity CVE scores 9.5 under a secondary CVSS source (NVD's own analysis pending). EPSS exploit probability: 30% (98th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.
Also known asEUVD-2026-51270 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-xr9x-r78c-5hrm (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- Public exploit code is available (Metasploit, other public proof-of-concept code)
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 9.5
- EG Score
- 9.5CRITICALmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 84EG Risk 84/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity95% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation65% × 40%EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 2 (Weaponized): a constant, not a probability.Automatability100% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high. - EPSS PROB
- 30%
- EPSS %ILE
- 98th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (9.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 9.5 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.a secondary CVSS source · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
- EG Likelihood
- 30% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-01). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
July 30, 2026
Last Modified
September 10, 2026
Advisory Details (10)
Auto-updated Oct 2, 2026oss-security - Rails CVE-2026-66066: Possible arbitrary file read and remote code execution in Active Storage variant processing
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/07/29/9Critical Rails Flaw Could Let Unauthenticated Attackers Read Server Files via Image Uploads
https://thehackernews.com/2026/07/critical-rails-flaw-could-let.htmlPossible arbitrary file read and remote code execution in Active Storage variant processing · Advisory · rails/rails · GitHub
https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-xr9x-r78c-5hrm8.1.3.1
Patch available: rails/rails v8.1.3.1
https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.3.18.0.5.1
Patch available: rails/rails v8.0.5.1
https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.17.2.3.2
Patch available: rails/rails v7.2.3.2
https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v7.2.3.2commit d79b7f4aa17d (rails/rails)
Fix landed in rails/rails commit d79b7f4aa17d — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d79b7f4aa17dec8ce4960fef05733c8c0c7ef49acommit 349e7a5d5b4b (rails/rails)
Fix landed in rails/rails commit 349e7a5d5b4b — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/349e7a5d5b4b715af1e416db824f3c078a7d59e5commit 1c01bb587206 (rails/rails)
Fix landed in rails/rails commit 1c01bb587206 — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1c01bb587206ee6eb0e1179c2cef96a6a47acb1eruby-advisory-db/gems/activestorage/CVE-2026-66066.yml at master · rubysec/ruby-advisory-db · GitHub
https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/activestorage/CVE-2026-66066.ymlVendor Advisories for CVE-2026-66066(1)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
Patch Availability(3)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| rubygems | activestorage @ 7.2.3.2 (fixes < 7.2.3.2) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | activestorage @ 8.0.5.1 (fixes >= 8.0.0.beta1, < 8.0.5.1) | — | ghsa |
| rubygems | activestorage @ 8.1.3.1 (fixes >= 8.1.0.beta1, < 8.1.3.1) | — | ghsa |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(5 across 5 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rails | 2:6.0.3.7+dfsg-2 ... 2:7.2.3.2+dfsg-2 (72 versions) |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rails | 2:6.1.7.10+dfsg-1~deb12u1 ... 2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-9 (17 versions) |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rails | 2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7, 2:7.2.2.2+dfsg-1, 2:7.2.2.2+dfsg-2~deb13u1 |
| — |
Debian:14(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rails | 2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7 ... 2:7.2.3.1+dfsg-1 (9 versions) |
| — |
RubyGems(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| activestorage | 8.1.0 ... 8.1.3 (7 versions) |
| — |
Weakness Classification(1)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 15× in last 7d / 58× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 100 of 165 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 65 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-02 02:26 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-11-02 02:26 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xr9x-r78c-5hrm · GitHub severity CRITICAL
- 2026-11-01 07:40 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xr9x-r78c-5hrm · GitHub severity CRITICAL
- 2026-11-01 04:26 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 30% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-31 06:25 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-30 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 30% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-30 08:25 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 30% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-29 10:25 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-28 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 27% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-28 12:25 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-27 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 27% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-27 14:24 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-26 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 27% · 97th percentile
- 2026-10-25 18:12 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 27% · 97th percentile
- 2026-10-25 14:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 19:57 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-23 21:56 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-23 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-22 23:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-22 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-22 01:49 UTCEG score recompute
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- 2026-10-21 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-21 03:47 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-20 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-20 05:25 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-19 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-19 06:49 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-18 03:21 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-17 06:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-16 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-16 07:17 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-15 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-15 06:12 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-14 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-14 01:48 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-12 22:00 UTCEG score recompute
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- 2026-10-11 19:31 UTCEG score recompute
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- 2026-10-11 14:07 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-08 17:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
- 2026-10-06 23:52 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-06 15:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
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- 2026-10-05 17:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
- 2026-10-04 23:55 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-04 23:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
- 2026-10-04 06:37 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-03 14:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
- 2026-10-03 02:49 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-02 17:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
- 2026-10-02 16:56 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-01 19:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 81st percentile
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- 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 80th percentile
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- 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 80th percentile
- 2026-09-27 18:59 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-26 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 2.1% · 80th percentile
- 2026-09-25 04:56 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-23 21:29 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-23 17:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-09-22 21:35 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-22 15:12 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-19 23:46 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-18 22:25 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-18 19:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-09-18 01:18 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-17 01:28 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-16 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-16 05:32 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-16 05:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:14 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-12 16:36 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-11 14:59 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-11 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-10 12:58 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-09 07:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-08 22:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-06 14:42 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-05 18:49 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-05 15:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 98th percentile
- 2026-09-04 15:56 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-04 11:26 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-04 05:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
- 2026-09-01 22:36 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-01 13:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 28% · 97th percentile
Publicly available exploits
(6 references)Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (1 Metasploit module, 5 GitHub PoCs). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly.
- Metasploitexploit/multi/http/rails_activestorage_vips_rce✓ verifiedPublished Aug 25, 2026
Ruby on Rails Active Storage Vips Arbitrary File Read and Remote Code Execution
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCHackSpeak/CVE-2026-66066Published Aug 3, 2026
CVE-2026-66066 (KindaRails2Shell) PoC - Rails Active Storage/libvips arbitrary file read to RCE; for authorized security testing
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCHackSpeak/kindarails2shell-pocPublished Aug 3, 2026
CVE-2026-66066 (KindaRails2Shell) PoC - Rails Active Storage/libvips arbitrary file read to RCE; for authorized security testing
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoC0xsha/KindaRails2ShellPublished Jul 31, 2026
CVE-2026-66066 + File Read, RCE, Scanner, Lab
Open source ↗ - Open source ↗GitHub PoCrails/rails-forensics-CVE-2026-66066Published Jul 30, 2026
- GitHub PoCZer0SumGam3/CVE-2026-66066-POCPublished Jul 29, 2026
PoC for CVE-2026-66066 in Ruby on Rails
Open source ↗
Related CVEs(same product + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownRubyGems:activestorage
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2026-66066?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-66066 published?
Is CVE-2026-66066 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-66066?
How do I remediate CVE-2026-66066?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2026-66066
Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2026-66066?
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