CVE-2026-4738

CRITICALPre-NVD 9.49.4
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.4 under a secondary CVSS source (NVD's own analysis pending). EPSS exploit probability: 0.3% (18th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from a secondary CVSS source
Sources: EPSS, a secondary CVSS source
Trending — 3 sources updated this week

Also known asEUVD-2026-14706 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.4EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.3%CVSS: 9.4Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer vulnerability in OSGeo gdal (frmts/zlib/contrib/infback9 modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files inftree9.C‎.

This issue affects gdal: before 3.11.0.

CVSS v3
9.4
EG Score
9.4CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
42
EG Risk 42/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity94% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.4 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.3% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.3%
EPSS %ILE
18th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.4): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.4 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.4 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.a secondary CVSS source · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.3% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-01). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

March 24, 2026

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

Advisory Details (1)

Auto-updated Oct 2, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_pr.
GitHub pull request

frmts/zlib/contrib/infback9/inftree9.c: Fix potential vulnerable cloned functions.

Fix merged in OSGeo/gdal PR #12244 on 2025-05-01 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/pull/12244

Affected Packages

(4 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
gdal3.10.0+dfsg-1 ... 3.9.3~rc1+dfsg-1~exp1 (158 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
gdal3.10.0+dfsg-1 ... 3.9.3~rc1+dfsg-1~exp1 (109 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
gdal3.10.3+dfsg-1 ... 3.13.3~rc1+dfsg-1~exp1 (43 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
gdal3.10.3+dfsg-1 ... 3.11.3+dfsg-1~exp2 (16 versions)
  • every version up to 3.11.3+dfsg-1: fixed in 3.11.3+dfsg-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 22× in last 7d / 79× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 181 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 81 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-02 08:55 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-11-02 08:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  3. 2026-11-01 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  4. 2026-11-01 10:38 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-11-01 10:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  6. 2026-10-31 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  7. 2026-10-31 12:20 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-31 12:20 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  9. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  10. 2026-10-30 14:02 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-30 14:02 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  12. 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  13. 2026-10-29 15:45 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  14. 2026-10-28 17:25 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-28 17:25 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  16. 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  17. 2026-10-27 19:06 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-27 19:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  19. 2026-10-27 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 18th percentile
  20. 2026-10-26 20:49 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-10-26 20:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  22. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 17th percentile
  23. 2026-10-25 20:31 UTCEG score recompute
  24. 2026-10-25 20:31 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  25. 2026-10-25 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 17th percentile
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-10-25 14:24 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-24 22:14 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-24 22:14 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  4. 2026-10-24 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  5. 2026-10-23 23:47 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-23 23:47 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  7. 2026-10-23 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  8. 2026-10-23 01:29 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-23 01:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  10. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  11. 2026-10-22 02:32 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-22 02:32 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  13. 2026-10-21 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 37th percentile
  14. 2026-10-21 04:13 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-21 04:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  16. 2026-10-20 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  17. 2026-10-20 05:53 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-20 05:52 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  19. 2026-10-19 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  20. 2026-10-19 07:32 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-10-19 07:32 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  22. 2026-10-18 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  23. 2026-10-18 09:10 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  24. 2026-10-18 03:36 UTCEG score recompute
  25. 2026-10-17 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  26. 2026-10-17 06:17 UTCEG score recompute
  27. 2026-10-17 06:16 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  28. 2026-10-16 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  29. 2026-10-16 07:29 UTCEG score recompute
  30. 2026-10-16 07:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  31. 2026-10-15 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  32. 2026-10-15 06:23 UTCEG score recompute
  33. 2026-10-15 06:23 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  34. 2026-10-14 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  35. 2026-10-14 02:04 UTCEG score recompute
  36. 2026-10-14 02:04 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  37. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  38. 2026-10-12 22:22 UTCEG score recompute
  39. 2026-10-12 22:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  40. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  41. 2026-10-12 16:01 UTCEG score recompute
  42. 2026-10-12 07:31 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-hp6p-5qh5-w9fj · GitHub severity CRITICAL
  43. 2026-10-11 19:44 UTCEG score recompute
  44. 2026-10-11 16:59 UTCEG score recompute
  45. 2026-10-11 14:24 UTCEG score recompute
  46. 2026-10-11 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  47. 2026-10-11 06:55 UTCOSV refresh
  48. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  49. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  50. 2026-10-08 17:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  51. 2026-10-07 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
  52. 2026-10-06 15:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  53. 2026-10-05 17:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  54. 2026-10-04 23:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  55. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  56. 2026-10-01 19:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  57. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  58. 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  59. 2026-09-27 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  60. 2026-09-26 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  61. 2026-09-26 00:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 34th percentile
  62. 2026-09-23 17:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
  63. 2026-09-21 19:19 UTCOSV refresh
  64. 2026-09-20 20:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
  65. 2026-09-18 19:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
  66. 2026-09-16 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
  67. 2026-09-16 05:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 20th percentile
  68. 2026-09-13 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  69. 2026-09-11 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  70. 2026-09-10 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  71. 2026-09-08 22:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  72. 2026-09-07 16:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  73. 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  74. 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.3% · 19th percentile
  75. 2026-09-02 16:08 UTCOSV refresh

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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-4738?
CVE-2026-4738 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on March 24, 2026. Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer vulnerability in OSGeo gdal (frmts/zlib/contrib/infback9 modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files inftree9.C‎. This issue affects gdal: before 3.11.0.
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-4738 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2026-4738 was published on March 24, 2026. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of June 17, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-4738 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-4738 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.3% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (18th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-4738?
CVE-2026-4738 has a CVSS base score of 9.4 (a secondary CVSS source that NVD displays; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-4738?
A fix for CVE-2026-4738 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

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