Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Prior to 3.1.5.RELEASE, a security bypass vulnerability exists in the expression execution mechanisms of Thymeleaf. Although the library provides mechanisms to avoid the execution of potentially dangerous expressions in some specific sandboxed (restricted) contexts, it fails to properly neutralize specific constructs that allow this kind of expressions to be executed. If an application developer passes to the template engine unsanitized variables that contain such expressions, and these values are used in sandboxed contexts inside the templates, these expressions can be executed achieving Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI). This vulnerability is fixed in 3.1.5.RELEASE.
CVE-2026-41901
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
Score elevated to 9.0 because this CVE is listed on ENISA's EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue (Source: ENISA EUVD), indicating that ENISA records real-world exploitation of it. It is not on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. NVD baseline CVSS 9.0 retained for reference. Confidence: HIGH.
Also known asEUVD-2026-29872 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-c9ph-gxww-7744 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- Exploited in the wild, as ENISA's EU KEV records it (Source: ENISA EUVD); CISA has not listed it
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 9.0
- EG Score
- 9.0CRITICALhigh confidence
- EG Risk
- 81EG Risk 81/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity90% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.0 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation100% × 40%Fixed at 100% for an ENISA EU KEV listing (CISA's catalog does not list this CVE): EchelonGraph's rule. Source: ENISA EUVD.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Attend at medium and Act at high mission impact.Exploitation active (ENISA EU KEV listing; Source: ENISA EUVD) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). From CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment): automatable and technical impact; the others come from the sources named beside them. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low, sooner than that at medium and as soon as possible at high mission impact. - EPSS PROB
- 0.4%
- EPSS %ILE
- 36th
- KEV
- Not in CISA'sENISA's EU KEV lists it (below). Source: ENISA EUVD
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (9.0): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.0 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 9.0 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
- EG Likelihood
- 0.4% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-02). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- ENISA EU KEV (Source: ENISA EUVD)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Attend at medium mission impactTrack at low, Attend at medium and Act at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
ENISA EU KEV: listed October 10, 2026, reported by CNW; not on CISA's KEV catalog.
Source: ENISA EUVD (EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue), reproduced with acknowledgement. How a listing moves the EG score
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Attend at medium and Act at high mission impact.
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low, sooner than that at medium and as soon as possible at high mission impact.
Exploitation active (ENISA EU KEV listing; Source: ENISA EUVD) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). From CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment): automatable and technical impact; the others come from the sources named beside them. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
May 12, 2026
Last Modified
May 13, 2026
Advisory Details (1)
Auto-updated May 12, 2026Improper recognition of unauthorized syntax patterns in sandboxed Thymeleaf expressions · Advisory · thymeleaf/thymeleaf · GitHub
https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf/security/advisories/GHSA-c9ph-gxww-7744Patch Availability(1)
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fix (by version range) / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| maven | org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf @ 3.1.5.RELEASE (fixes <= 3.1.4.RELEASE) | — | ghsa |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(3 across 1 ecosystem)
Maven(3)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf | 1.0.0 ... m1 (82 versions) |
| — |
| org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring5 | 3.0.10.RELEASE ... 3.1.4.RELEASE (23 versions) |
| — |
| org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring6 | 3.1.0.M1 ... 3.1.4.RELEASE (10 versions) |
| — |
Weakness Classification(2)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 18× in last 7d / 61× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 100 of 225 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 125 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-02 18:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-11-02 18:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-c9ph-gxww-7744 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
- 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-11-01 18:22 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-11-01 18:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-c9ph-gxww-7744 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
- 2026-11-01 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-11-01 07:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-c9ph-gxww-7744 · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
- 2026-11-01 07:51 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 17:52 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-30 17:21 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-29 16:51 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-28 16:20 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-27 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-27 15:50 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-26 15:17 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-10-25 13:47 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 13:46 UTCENISA EU KEV listingEUVD-2026-29872 · listed October 10, 2026 · reported by CNW · Source: ENISA EUVD
- 2026-10-24 23:48 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-24 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
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- 2026-10-23 23:18 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-22 22:42 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-21 22:10 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-21 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-20 21:39 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-20 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-19 21:07 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-19 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-18 19:56 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-18 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-18 03:41 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 19:24 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-16 18:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-16 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:03 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-14 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-14 10:13 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-13 08:33 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-12 16:08 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 19:49 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 17:04 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 14:30 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-08 17:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-04 23:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-10-01 19:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-30 13:32 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-27 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
- 2026-09-23 17:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-17 19:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-16 05:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-13 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-12 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
- 2026-09-11 20:23 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-11 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-08 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-07 16:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-09-01 04:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-23 18:04 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-08-23 00:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-20 21:36 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
- 2026-08-17 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 35th percentile
Related CVEs(same product + same CWE)
Same product
3 shownMaven:org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf · Maven:org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring5
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2026-41901?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-41901 published?
Is CVE-2026-41901 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-41901?
How do I remediate CVE-2026-41901?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2026-41901
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