CVE-2025-59934

CRITICALNVD 9.49.4
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.4 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 9.1% (95th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3
Elevated

Also known asEUVD-2025-31394 (ENISA EUVD)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.4EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • CISA's Vulnrichment rates exploitation as PoC; EchelonGraph holds no exploit-code reference for it
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 9.1%CVSS: 9.4Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

Formbricks is an open source qualtrics alternative. Prior to version 4.0.1, Formbricks is missing JWT signature verification. This vulnerability stems from a token validation routine that only decodes JWTs (jwt.decode) without verifying their signatures. Both the email verification token login path and the password reset server action use the same validator, which does not check the token’s signature, expiration, issuer, or audience. If an attacker learns the victim’s actual user.id, they can craft an arbitrary JWT with an alg: "none" header and use it to authenticate and reset the victim’s password. This issue has been patched in version 4.0.1.

CVSS v3
9.4
EG Score
9.4CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
73
EG Risk 73/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity94% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.4 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
9.1%
EPSS %ILE
95th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.4): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.4 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.4 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
9.1% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-01). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

September 26, 2025

Last Modified

October 19, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Oct 2, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github_pr, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Missing JWT signature verification in formbricks · Advisory · formbricks/formbricks · GitHub

https://github.com/formbricks/formbricks/security/advisories/GHSA-7229-q9pv-j6p4
GitHub pull request Patch Available

fix: enhance JWT handling with improved encryption and decryption logic

Patch available: formbricks/formbricks 5.3.0-rc.2 (PR #6596 merged 2025-09-25)

https://github.com/formbricks/formbricks/pull/6596
GitHub commit Patch Available

commit eb1349f20518 (formbricks/formbricks)

Patch available: formbricks/formbricks 5.3.0-rc.2 (contains commit eb1349f20518)

https://github.com/formbricks/formbricks/commit/eb1349f205189d5b2d4a95ec42245ca98cf68c82
Web page

formbricks/apps/web/lib/jwt.ts at 843110b0d6c37b5c0da54291616f84c91c55c4fc · formbricks/formbricks · GitHub

https://github.com/formbricks/formbricks/blob/843110b0d6c37b5c0da54291616f84c91c55c4fc/apps/web/lib/jwt.ts#L114-L117

Weakness Classification(3)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 12× in last 7d / 53× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 97 of 236 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 3 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 139 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-01 17:16 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 9.1% · 95th percentile
  3. 2026-10-31 15:33 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-30 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 9.1% · 95th percentile
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  15. 2026-10-25 16:15 UTCEG score recompute
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  17. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 9.1% · 95th percentile
  18. 2026-10-23 23:35 UTCEG score recompute
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  1. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.5% · 94th percentile
  2. 2026-10-19 02:31 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.5% · 94th percentile
  4. 2026-10-18 05:22 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-18 00:45 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.5% · 94th percentile
  7. 2026-10-16 23:01 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-16 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.5% · 94th percentile
  9. 2026-10-15 20:08 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  11. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  12. 2026-10-14 14:04 UTCEG score recompute
  13. 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  14. 2026-10-12 16:53 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  16. 2026-10-11 20:27 UTCEG score recompute
  17. 2026-10-11 18:39 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-11 15:14 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  20. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  21. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  24. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  25. 2026-10-06 08:54 UTCOSV refresh
  26. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  27. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  28. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  29. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  30. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  32. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  34. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  39. 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  40. 2026-09-16 16:39 UTCOSV refresh
  41. 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  42. 2026-09-15 03:10 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  43. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  45. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  46. 2026-09-11 09:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  50. 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  51. 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
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  57. 2026-08-28 16:23 UTCOSV refresh
  58. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.1% · 94th percentile
  59. 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 8.0% · 94th percentile
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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-59934?
CVE-2025-59934 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on September 26, 2025. Formbricks is an open source qualtrics alternative. Prior to version 4.0.1, Formbricks is missing JWT signature verification. This vulnerability stems from a token validation routine that only decodes JWTs (jwt.decode) without verifying their signatures. Both the email verification token login path…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-59934 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-59934 was published on September 26, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 19, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-59934 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-59934 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 9.1% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (95th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-59934?
CVE-2025-59934 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.4 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-59934?
A fix for CVE-2025-59934 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

Dependency Blast Radius

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