CVE-2025-52471

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.8 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.9% (60th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2025-19059 (ENISA EUVD)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan mitigationNo release containing the referenced fix is confirmed: check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.9%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is referenced (a reference tagged "Patch", often a source commit), but no release containing it is confirmed — find the release that contains it; until it is applied, mitigate (WAF / firewall / segmentation).

ESF-IDF is the Espressif Internet of Things (IOT) Development Framework. An integer underflow vulnerability has been identified in the ESP-NOW protocol implementation within the ESP Wi-Fi component of versions 5.4.1, 5.3.3, 5.2.5, and 5.1.6 of the ESP-IDF framework. This issue stems from insufficient validation of user-supplied data length in the packet receive function. Under certain conditions, this may lead to out-of-bounds memory access and may allow arbitrary memory write operations. On systems without a memory protection scheme, this behavior could potentially be used to achieve remote code execution (RCE) on the target device. In versions 5.4.2, 5.3.4, 5.2.6, and 5.1.6, ESP-NOW has added more comprehensive validation logic on user-supplied data length during packet reception to prevent integer underflow caused by negative value calculations. For ESP-IDF v5.3 and earlier, a workaround can be applied by validating that the data_len parameter received in the RX callback (registered via esp_now_register_recv_cb()) is a positive value before further processing. For ESP-IDF v5.4 and later, no application-level workaround is available. Users are advised to upgrade to a patched version of ESP-IDF to take advantage of the built-in mitigation.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
59
EG Risk 59/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.9% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is referenced, but no release containing it is confirmed. Check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.9%
EPSS %ILE
60th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.9% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-01). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is referenced, but no release containing it is confirmed. Check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

June 24, 2025

Last Modified

January 22, 2026

Advisory Details (7)

Auto-updated Oct 9, 2026
Fix referenced — no release confirmed yet. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

ESP-NOW Integer Underflow Vulnerability Advisory · Advisory · espressif/esp-idf · GitHub

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/security/advisories/GHSA-hqhh-cp47-fv5g
GitHub commit

commit edc227c5eaec (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit edc227c5eaec — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/edc227c5eaeced999b5212943a9434379f8aad80
GitHub commit

commit df7757d82798 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit df7757d82798 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/df7757d8279871fa7a2f42ef3962c6c1ec88b8a2
GitHub commit

commit d6ec5a52255b (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit d6ec5a52255b — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/d6ec5a52255b17c1d6ef379e89f9de2c379042f8
GitHub commit

commit d4dafbdc3572 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit d4dafbdc3572 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/d4dafbdc3572387cd4f9a62b776580bc4ac3bde7
GitHub commit

commit c5fc81917805 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit c5fc81917805 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/c5fc81917805f99e687c81cc56b68dc5df7ef8b5
GitHub commit

commit b1a379d57430 (espressif/esp-idf)

Fix landed in espressif/esp-idf commit b1a379d57430 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/b1a379d57430d265a53aca13d59ddfbf2e7ac409

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 13× in last 7d / 53× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 97 of 214 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 3 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 117 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-02 03:40 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-11-01 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  3. 2026-11-01 04:41 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
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  15. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
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  18. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
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Show 72 more
  1. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  2. 2026-10-19 16:53 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  4. 2026-10-18 17:50 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-18 05:28 UTCEG score recompute
  6. 2026-10-17 18:51 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  8. 2026-10-16 19:52 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-16 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  10. 2026-10-15 17:13 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  12. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  13. 2026-10-14 11:10 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  15. 2026-10-12 16:58 UTCEG score recompute
  16. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  17. 2026-10-11 20:32 UTCEG score recompute
  18. 2026-10-11 18:44 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-11 15:19 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 59th percentile
  21. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  22. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
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  27. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  28. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  29. 2026-10-02 10:11 UTCOSV refresh
  30. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  31. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
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  43. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  44. 2026-09-13 08:24 UTCOSV refresh
  45. 2026-09-12 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-52471?
CVE-2025-52471 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on June 24, 2025. ESF-IDF is the Espressif Internet of Things (IOT) Development Framework. An integer underflow vulnerability has been identified in the ESP-NOW protocol implementation within the ESP Wi-Fi component of versions 5.4.1, 5.3.3, 5.2.5, and 5.1.6 of the ESP-IDF framework. This issue stems from…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-52471 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-52471 was published on June 24, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of January 22, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-52471 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-52471 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.9% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (60th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-52471?
CVE-2025-52471 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-52471?
A fix for CVE-2025-52471 is referenced (a reference tagged "Patch", often a source commit), but EchelonGraph has no release containing it on record. Check that reference and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains the fix and update to it; until then, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation.

Dependency Blast Radius

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