CVE-2025-39901

HIGHNVD 7.17.1
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 7.1 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2025-10-01. NVD baseline CVSS 7.1; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3
Trending — 4 sources updated this week

Also known asEUVD-2025-32889 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-xm78-498q-x929 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

7.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.2%CVSS: 7.1Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

i40e: remove read access to debugfs files

The 'command' and 'netdev_ops' debugfs files are a legacy debugging interface supported by the i40e driver since its early days by commit 02e9c290814c ("i40e: debugfs interface").

Both of these debugfs files provide a read handler which is mostly useless, and which is implemented with questionable logic. They both use a static 256 byte buffer which is initialized to the empty string. In the case of the 'command' file this buffer is literally never used and simply wastes space. In the case of the 'netdev_ops' file, the last command written is saved here.

On read, the files contents are presented as the name of the device followed by a colon and then the contents of their respective static buffer. For 'command' this will always be ": ". For 'netdev_ops', this will be ": ". But note the buffer is shared between all devices operated by this module. At best, it is mostly meaningless information, and at worse it could be accessed simultaneously as there doesn't appear to be any locking mechanism.

We have also recently received multiple reports for both read functions about their use of snprintf and potential overflow that could result in reading arbitrary kernel memory. For the 'command' file, this is definitely impossible, since the static buffer is always zero and never written to. For the 'netdev_ops' file, it does appear to be possible, if the user carefully crafts the command input, it will be copied into the buffer, which could be large enough to cause snprintf to truncate, which then causes the copy_to_user to read beyond the length of the buffer allocated by kzalloc.

A minimal fix would be to replace snprintf() with scnprintf() which would cap the return to the number of bytes written, preventing an overflow. A more involved fix would be to drop the mostly useless static buffers, saving 512 bytes and modifying the read functions to stop needing those as input.

Instead, lets just completely drop the read access to these files. These are debug interfaces exposed as part of debugfs, and I don't believe that dropping read access will break any script, as the provided output is pretty useless. You can find the netdev name through other more standard interfaces, and the 'netdev_ops' interface can easily result in garbage if you issue simultaneous writes to multiple devices at once.

In order to properly remove the i40e_dbg_netdev_ops_buf, we need to refactor its write function to avoid using the static buffer. Instead, use the same logic as the i40e_dbg_command_write, with an allocated buffer. Update the code to use this instead of the static buffer, and ensure we free the buffer on exit. This fixes simultaneous writes to 'netdev_ops' on multiple devices, and allows us to remove the now unused static buffer along with removing the read access.

CVSS v3
7.1
EG Score
7.1HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
32
EG Risk 32/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity71% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.2% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.2%
EPSS %ILE
4th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (7.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
7.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.2% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-27). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

October 1, 2025

Last Modified

October 19, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Aug 3, 2026
Patch available.
Web page

i40e: remove read access to debugfs files - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ef40d9411469306e524e7887c51b709377e6ef65
Web page

i40e: remove read access to debugfs files - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcdb1c3c4ba134434694c001dbff343f1ffa319
Web page

i40e: remove read access to debugfs files - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7d190963b80f4cd99d7008615600aa7cc993c6ba
Web page

i40e: remove read access to debugfs files - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70d3dad7d5ad077965d7a63eed1942b7ba49bfb4

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-39901(2)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(13)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1052.58+fips1) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp (6.8.0.1029.30) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-6.8 (6.8.0-106.106) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-lowlatency-64k-6.8 (6.8.0-1049.52.1) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1052.55+fips1) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-realtime-6.8.1 (6.8.1-1045.46) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-edge (6.8.0-1050.53~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1051.57) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-edge (6.8.0-1051.57~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-10-27ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-realtime-6.8 (6.8.0-2040.41) @ noble2026-10-27ubuntu
linuxKernel @ 6.1.183 (fixes >=3.12.0)—osv
linuxKernel @ 6.12.46 (fixes >=3.12.0)—osv
linuxKernel @ 6.6.148 (fixes >=3.12.0)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(4 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 7.2~rc5-1~exp1 (496 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.1.106-1 ... 6.1.99-1 (56 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.187-1: fixed in 6.1.187-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.38-1, 6.12.41-1, 6.12.43-1, 6.12.43-1~bpo12+1
  • every version up to 6.12.48-1: fixed in 6.12.48-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.100-1 ... 6.16~rc7-1~exp1 (64 versions)
  • every version up to 6.16.6-1: fixed in 6.16.6-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(10)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 43× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 98 of 193 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 2 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 95 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-02 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  2. 2026-11-01 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  3. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  4. 2026-10-30 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  5. 2026-10-29 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  6. 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  7. 2026-10-27 18:09 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-27 18:09 UTCVendor advisory
  9. 2026-10-27 18:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xm78-498q-x929 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.1
  10. 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  11. 2026-10-26 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  12. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  13. 2026-10-25 16:28 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  15. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  16. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  17. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  18. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  19. 2026-10-19 21:33 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-10-19 21:33 UTCVendor advisory
  21. 2026-10-19 21:33 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xm78-498q-x929 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.1
  22. 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  23. 2026-10-18 16:18 UTCVendor advisory
  24. 2026-10-18 16:17 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xm78-498q-x929 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.1
  25. 2026-10-18 05:35 UTCEG score recompute
Show 73 more
  1. 2026-10-17 21:55 UTCOSV refresh
  2. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  3. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  4. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  5. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  6. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  7. 2026-10-12 17:06 UTCEG score recompute
  8. 2026-10-11 20:39 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-11 18:50 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-11 15:27 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  12. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  13. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  14. 2026-10-08 17:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  15. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  16. 2026-10-06 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  17. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  18. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  19. 2026-10-03 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  20. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  21. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  22. 2026-09-28 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  23. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  24. 2026-09-26 00:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  25. 2026-09-25 16:15 UTCOSV refresh
  26. 2026-09-24 14:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 3rd percentile
  27. 2026-09-23 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  28. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  29. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  30. 2026-09-17 19:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  31. 2026-09-16 14:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  32. 2026-09-16 05:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  33. 2026-09-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  34. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  35. 2026-09-11 09:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  36. 2026-09-10 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  37. 2026-09-08 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  38. 2026-09-07 16:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  39. 2026-09-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  40. 2026-09-06 06:52 UTCOSV refresh
  41. 2026-09-04 05:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  42. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  43. 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  44. 2026-09-01 04:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  45. 2026-08-30 19:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  46. 2026-08-30 01:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  47. 2026-08-28 21:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  48. 2026-08-27 14:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  49. 2026-08-26 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  50. 2026-08-25 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  51. 2026-08-23 00:18 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  52. 2026-08-21 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  53. 2026-08-20 22:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  54. 2026-08-19 17:55 UTCEG score recompute
  55. 2026-08-19 17:55 UTCVendor advisory
  56. 2026-08-19 17:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xm78-498q-x929 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.1
  57. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  58. 2026-08-18 14:13 UTCOSV refresh
  59. 2026-08-18 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  60. 2026-08-17 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  61. 2026-08-16 14:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  62. 2026-08-16 02:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  63. 2026-08-15 01:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  64. 2026-08-13 21:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  65. 2026-08-12 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  66. 2026-08-09 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  67. 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  68. 2026-08-07 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  69. 2026-08-06 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  70. 2026-08-04 15:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 4th percentile
  71. 2026-08-04 10:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  72. 2026-08-03 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 3rd percentile
  73. 2026-08-03 10:22 UTCEG score recompute

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-39901?
CVE-2025-39901 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on October 1, 2025. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: i40e: remove read access to debugfs files The 'command' and 'netdev_ops' debugfs files are a legacy debugging interface supported by the i40e driver since its early days by commit 02e9c290814c ("i40e: debugfs interface"). Both of…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-39901 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-39901 was published on October 1, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 19, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-39901 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-39901 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.2% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (4th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-39901?
CVE-2025-39901 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.1 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-39901?
A fix for CVE-2025-39901 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-39901 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

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