CVE-2025-12044

HIGHNVD 7.57.5—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

This high-severity CVE scores 7.5 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.3%, top 46% of all CVEs by exploit prediction. GitHub Security Advisory data not yet ingested — confidence will rise once GHSA publishes (typical lag: hours to days for open-source ecosystem CVEs; never for infrastructure-only CVEs).

Triggered by: NVD CVSS baseline
Sources: epss, nvd
7.5
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS: 1%CVSS: 7.5Exploit: NoneExposed: 0

A fix is available — apply it.

Vault and Vault Enterprise (“Vault”) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]  which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.

CVSS v3
7.5
EG Score
7.5(medium)
EPSS
41.5%
KEV
Not listed

Published

October 23, 2025

Last Modified

December 23, 2025

References (1)

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-12044(7)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(6)

Vendor / EcosystemFixed in / PatchReleasedSource
redhatopenshift-pipelines/pipelines-cli-tkn-rhel9:17726948652026-03-05redhat
redhatrhtas/policy-controller-rhel9:0.0.2-17635504442025-11-25redhat
redhatrhtas/fulcio-rhel9:1.3.1-17635431312025-11-24redhat
redhatrhtas/rekor-server-rhel9:1.3.1-17635456852025-11-24redhat
redhatrhtas/timestamp-authority-rhel9:1.3.1-17635431942025-11-24redhat
redhatrhtas/gitsign-rhel9:1.3.1-17635459562025-11-24redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
Go(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
github.com/hashicorp/vault—1.21.0—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 10× in last 7d / 43× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

  1. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-07-18 10:03 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-15 16:57 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-07-13 22:29 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-07-13 22:29 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-07-13 06:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-07-12 05:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-07-11 08:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-07-11 08:26 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-07-09 19:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-07-08 15:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-07-07 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
Show 61 more
  1. 2026-07-06 11:11 UTCOSV refresh
  2. 2026-07-06 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-06 02:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-05 02:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-04 06:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-01 15:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-06-30 23:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-06-29 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-06-28 04:55 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-06-27 03:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-06-27 03:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  14. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
  16. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  17. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
  18. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
  19. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  20. 2026-06-22 14:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-06-21 14:56 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  24. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  25. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
  27. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  28. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  29. 2026-06-17 23:13 UTCOSV refresh
  30. 2026-06-17 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  31. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  32. 2026-06-15 17:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  33. 2026-06-14 23:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  34. 2026-06-13 22:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  35. 2026-06-13 22:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  36. 2026-06-12 23:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  37. 2026-06-11 13:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  38. 2026-06-10 22:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  39. 2026-06-10 13:21 UTCEPSS rescore
  40. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  41. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  42. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  43. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  44. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-06-04 13:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-06-04 13:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-06-02 20:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-06-02 20:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-06-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-06-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-05-31 22:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-05-31 22:30 UTCEPSS rescore
  57. 2026-05-31 00:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-05-31 00:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-05-29 20:19 UTCEG score recompute
  60. 2026-05-29 20:19 UTCVendor advisory
  61. 2026-05-29 13:43 UTCEPSS rescore

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-12044?
CVE-2025-12044 is a high vulnerability published on October 23, 2025. Vault and Vault Enterprise (“Vault”) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393…
When was CVE-2025-12044 disclosed?
CVE-2025-12044 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on October 23, 2025, with the most recent update on December 23, 2025. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-12044 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-12044 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 41.5% percentile likelihood of exploitation in the next 30 days — higher percentiles indicate greater predicted risk.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-12044?
CVE-2025-12044 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-12044?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-12044, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

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