CVE-2023-45130

HIGHNVD 7.57.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This high-severity CVE scores 7.5 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 1.0% (61st percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2023-49449 (ENISA EUVD)Source: ENISA EUVD

7.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan mitigationNo release containing the referenced fix is confirmed: check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 1.0%CVSS: 7.5Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is referenced (a reference tagged "Patch", often a source commit), but no release containing it is confirmed — find the release that contains it; until it is applied, mitigate (WAF / firewall / segmentation).

Frontier is Substrate's Ethereum compatibility layer. Prior to commit aea528198b3b226e0d20cce878551fd4c0e3d5d0, at the end of a contract execution, when opcode SUICIDE marks a contract to be deleted, the software uses storage::remove_prefix (now renamed to storage::clear_prefix) to remove all storages associated with it. This is a single IO primitive call passing the WebAssembly boundary. For large contracts, the call (without providing a limit parameter) can be slow. In addition, for parachains, all storages to be deleted will be part of the PoV, which easily exceed relay chain PoV size limit. On the other hand, Frontier's maintainers only charge a fixed cost for opcode SUICIDE. The maintainers consider the severity of this issue high, because an attacker can craft a contract with a lot of storage values on a parachain, and then call opcode SUICIDE on the contract. If the transaction makes into a parachain block, the parachain will then stall because the PoV size will exceed relay chain's limit. This is especially an issue for XCM transactions, because they can't be skipped. Commit aea528198b3b226e0d20cce878551fd4c0e3d5d0 contains a patch for this issue. For parachains, it's recommended to issue an emergency runtime upgrade as soon as possible. For standalone chains, the impact is less severe because the issue mainly affects PoV sizes. It's recommended to issue a normal runtime upgrade as soon as possible. There are no known workarounds.

CVSS v3
7.5
EG Score
7.5HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
49
EG Risk 49/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity75% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.9% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is referenced, but no release containing it is confirmed. Check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
1.0%
EPSS %ILE
61st
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (7.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
7.5 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
1.0% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-27). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is referenced, but no release containing it is confirmed. Check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

October 13, 2023

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

References (3)

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 36× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 89 of 217 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 11 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 128 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-02 16:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  2. 2026-10-31 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  3. 2026-10-30 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  4. 2026-10-29 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  5. 2026-10-28 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  6. 2026-10-28 05:37 UTCEG score recompute
  7. 2026-10-27 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  8. 2026-10-26 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  9. 2026-10-25 17:33 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-25 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  11. 2026-10-24 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  12. 2026-10-23 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  13. 2026-10-22 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  14. 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  15. 2026-10-20 22:58 UTCEG score recompute
  16. 2026-10-20 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  17. 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  18. 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  19. 2026-10-18 07:49 UTCEG score recompute
  20. 2026-10-17 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
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  22. 2026-10-15 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
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  24. 2026-10-13 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  25. 2026-10-12 21:54 UTCOSV refresh
Show 64 more
  1. 2026-10-12 18:18 UTCEG score recompute
  2. 2026-10-12 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  3. 2026-10-11 21:44 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-11 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  5. 2026-10-10 19:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  6. 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
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  8. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  9. 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  10. 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  11. 2026-10-04 23:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  12. 2026-10-03 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  13. 2026-10-01 19:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  14. 2026-09-30 16:31 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  16. 2026-09-29 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  17. 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  18. 2026-09-27 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  19. 2026-09-26 15:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  20. 2026-09-26 00:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
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  22. 2026-09-23 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  23. 2026-09-22 20:01 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-09-20 20:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  25. 2026-09-18 19:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  26. 2026-09-17 19:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  27. 2026-09-16 14:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
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  39. 2026-09-03 15:59 UTCOSV refresh
  40. 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
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  53. 2026-08-17 05:20 UTCOSV refresh
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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2023-45130?
CVE-2023-45130 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on October 13, 2023. Frontier is Substrate's Ethereum compatibility layer. Prior to commit aea528198b3b226e0d20cce878551fd4c0e3d5d0, at the end of a contract execution, when opcode SUICIDE marks a contract to be deleted, the software uses storage::remove_prefix (now renamed to storage::clear_prefix) to remove all…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2023-45130 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2023-45130 was published on October 13, 2023. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of June 17, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2023-45130 actively exploited?
CVE-2023-45130 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 1.0% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (61st percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-45130?
CVE-2023-45130 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2023-45130?
A fix for CVE-2023-45130 is referenced (a reference tagged "Patch", often a source commit), but EchelonGraph has no release containing it on record. Check that reference and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains the fix and update to it; until then, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation.

Dependency Blast Radius

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