CVE-2023-32233

HIGHNVD 7.87.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 7.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2023-05-08. NVD baseline CVSS 7.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3
Trending — 4 sources updated this weekElevated

Also known asEUVD-2023-36491 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

7.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Public exploit or proof-of-concept code is available
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 13%CVSS: 7.8Exploit: Public PoCExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel through 6.3.1, a use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary read and write operations on kernel memory. Unprivileged local users can obtain root privileges. This occurs because anonymous sets are mishandled.

CVSS v3
7.8
EG Score
7.8HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
51
EG Risk 51/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity78% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
13%
EPSS %ILE
96th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (7.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
7.8 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
13% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-28). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

May 8, 2023

Last Modified

October 15, 2026

Advisory Details (10)

Auto-updated Oct 14, 2026
Patch available. Sources: redhat, github_commit.
Web pageMentions a patch (unverified)

[SECURITY] [DLA 3446-1] linux-5.10 security update

https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/06/msg00008.html
Web page

oss-security - Re: [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory

http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/05/15/5
Web page

[SECURITY] [DSA 5402-1] linux security update

https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5402
Red HatMentions a patch (unverified)

2196105 – (CVE-2023-32233) CVE-2023-32233 kernel: netfilter: use-after-free in nf_tables when processing batch requests can lead to privilege escalation

Affected: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8

https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2196105
Web page

Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter, local privilege escalation | Hacker News

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35879660
Web page

netfilter: nf_tables: deactivate anonymous set from preparation phase - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree

https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c1592a89942e9678f7d9c8030efa777c0d57edab
GitHub commit

commit c1592a89942e (torvalds/linux)

Fix landed in torvalds/linux commit c1592a89942e — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/c1592a89942e9678f7d9c8030efa777c0d57edab
Web page

oss-security - [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory

https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/05/08/4

Patch Availability(23)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-headers-bluefield (5.4.0.1064.59) @ focal2026-10-28ubuntu
ubuntulinux-oem-22.04c (6.1.0.1013.13) @ jammy2026-10-28ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-5.15.0-1031-intel-iotg (5.15.0-1031.36) @ jammy2026-10-28ubuntu
ubuntulinux-headers-5.4.0-1024-xilinx-zynqmp (5.4.0-1024.28) @ focal2026-10-28ubuntu
ubuntulinux-oem-22.04a (5.17.0.1032.30) @ jammy2026-10-28ubuntu
redhatkernel-0:3.10.0-1160.102.1.el72023-10-10redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:3.10.0-1160.102.1.rt56.1250.el72023-10-10redhat
redhatkpatch-patch2023-10-10redhat
redhatkernel-0:3.10.0-1062.79.1.el72023-10-03redhat
redhatkernel-0:3.10.0-693.112.1.el72023-08-22redhat
redhatkernel-0:3.10.0-957.105.1.el72023-08-22redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.97.1.el8_42023-07-25redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-305.97.1.rt7.172.el8_42023-07-25redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-193.109.1.el8_22023-07-18redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-372.64.1.el8_62023-07-18redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-193.109.1.rt13.160.el8_22023-07-18redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-147.85.1.el8_12023-06-27redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-284.18.1.rt14.303.el9_22023-06-21redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-284.18.1.el9_22023-06-21redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-70.58.1.rt21.129.el9_02023-06-06redhat
redhatkernel-0:5.14.0-70.58.1.el9_02023-06-06redhat
redhatkernel-0:4.18.0-477.13.1.el8_82023-05-30redhat
redhatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-477.13.1.rt7.276.el8_82023-05-30redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(13 across 12 ecosystems)
Debian:10(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux4.19.118-1 ... 4.19.98-1~bpo9+1 (43 versions)
  • every version up to 4.19.289-1: fixed in 4.19.289-1
—
linux-5.105.10.136-1~deb10u1 ... 5.10.178-3~deb10u1 (7 versions)
  • every version up to 5.10.179-1~deb10u1: fixed in 5.10.179-1~deb10u1
—
Alpine:v3.18(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Alpine:v3.19(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Alpine:v3.20(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Alpine:v3.21(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Alpine:v3.22(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Alpine:v3.23(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Alpine:v3.24(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux-lts—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-r3: fixed in 6.1.27-r3
—
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 5.10.92-2 (28 versions)
  • every version up to 5.10.179-1: fixed in 5.10.179-1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-1: fixed in 6.1.27-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-1: fixed in 6.1.27-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux—
  • every version up to 6.1.27-1: fixed in 6.1.27-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(6)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 43× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 97 of 211 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 3 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 114 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-31 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  2. 2026-10-30 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  3. 2026-10-29 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  4. 2026-10-28 19:36 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-28 19:36 UTCVendor advisory
  6. 2026-10-28 19:36 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  7. 2026-10-28 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  8. 2026-10-27 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  9. 2026-10-26 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  10. 2026-10-25 17:42 UTCEG score recompute
  11. 2026-10-25 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  12. 2026-10-24 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  13. 2026-10-23 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  14. 2026-10-22 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  15. 2026-10-21 17:38 UTCEG score recompute
  16. 2026-10-21 17:38 UTCVendor advisory
  17. 2026-10-21 17:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  18. 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  19. 2026-10-20 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  20. 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  21. 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  22. 2026-10-18 08:01 UTCEG score recompute
  23. 2026-10-17 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  24. 2026-10-16 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  25. 2026-10-15 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
Show 72 more
  1. 2026-10-15 00:28 UTCVendor advisory
  2. 2026-10-15 00:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  3. 2026-10-14 23:29 UTCEG score recompute
  4. 2026-10-14 23:29 UTCVendor advisory
  5. 2026-10-14 23:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
  6. 2026-10-14 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  7. 2026-10-14 07:24 UTCOSV refresh
  8. 2026-10-13 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  9. 2026-10-12 18:27 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-10-12 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  11. 2026-10-11 21:53 UTCEG score recompute
  12. 2026-10-11 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  13. 2026-10-10 19:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  14. 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  15. 2026-10-08 17:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  16. 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  17. 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  18. 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  19. 2026-10-03 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  20. 2026-09-30 16:23 UTCEG score recompute
  21. 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  22. 2026-09-29 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  23. 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  24. 2026-09-27 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  25. 2026-09-26 15:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  26. 2026-09-26 00:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  27. 2026-09-24 14:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  28. 2026-09-23 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  29. 2026-09-23 12:39 UTCOSV refresh
  30. 2026-09-22 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  31. 2026-09-16 14:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  32. 2026-09-12 14:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  33. 2026-09-11 14:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  34. 2026-09-11 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  35. 2026-09-08 21:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  36. 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  37. 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  38. 2026-09-05 15:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  39. 2026-09-04 13:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  40. 2026-09-04 07:29 UTCOSV refresh
  41. 2026-09-04 05:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  42. 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  43. 2026-09-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  44. 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  45. 2026-08-30 01:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  46. 2026-08-28 21:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  47. 2026-08-27 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  48. 2026-08-26 14:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  49. 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  50. 2026-08-24 14:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  51. 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  52. 2026-08-21 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  53. 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  54. 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
  55. 2026-08-18 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  56. 2026-08-17 18:29 UTCOSV refresh
  57. 2026-08-16 14:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  58. 2026-08-16 02:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  59. 2026-08-15 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  60. 2026-08-13 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  61. 2026-08-12 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  62. 2026-08-11 13:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  63. 2026-08-08 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  64. 2026-08-07 16:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  65. 2026-08-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  66. 2026-08-05 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  67. 2026-08-04 15:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  68. 2026-08-02 13:57 UTCOSV refresh
  69. 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  70. 2026-08-01 04:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  71. 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
  72. 2026-07-30 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile

Publicly available exploits

(3 references)

Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (3 GitHub PoCs). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly.

  • GitHub PoCLiuk3r/CVE-2023-32233
    Published May 16, 2023

    CVE-2023-32233: Linux内核中的安全漏洞

    Open source ↗
  • GitHub PoCoferchen/POC-CVE-2023-32233
    Published May 16, 2023

    Use-After-Free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests CVE-2023-32233

    Open source ↗
  • GitHub PoCPIDAN-HEIDASHUAI/CVE-2023-32233
    Published May 16, 2023

    自用,poc作者为Piotr Krysiuk,在使用前请先阅读README.md

    Open source ↗

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2023-32233?
CVE-2023-32233 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on May 8, 2023. In the Linux kernel through 6.3.1, a use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary read and write operations on kernel memory. Unprivileged local users can obtain root privileges. This occurs because anonymous sets are mishandled.
When was the CVE record for CVE-2023-32233 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2023-32233 was published on May 8, 2023. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 15, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2023-32233 actively exploited?
CVE-2023-32233 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 13% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (96th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-32233?
CVE-2023-32233 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2023-32233?
A fix for CVE-2023-32233 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2023-32233 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2023-32233

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2023-32233?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.