In the Linux kernel through 6.3.1, a use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary read and write operations on kernel memory. Unprivileged local users can obtain root privileges. This occurs because anonymous sets are mishandled.
CVE-2023-32233
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
Score 7.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2023-05-08. NVD baseline CVSS 7.8; sources differ by 0.0.
Also known asEUVD-2023-36491 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD
- Public exploit or proof-of-concept code is available
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 7.8
- EG Score
- 7.8HIGHmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 51EG Risk 51/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity78% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation40% × 40%EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines. - EPSS PROB
- 13%
- EPSS %ILE
- 96th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (7.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 7.8 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
- EG Likelihood
- 13% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-28). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
May 8, 2023
Last Modified
October 15, 2026
Advisory Details (10)
Auto-updated Oct 14, 2026Packet Storm
http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/173087/Kernel-Live-Patch-Security-Notice-LSN-0095-1.html[SECURITY] [DLA 3446-1] linux-5.10 security update
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/06/msg00008.htmloss-security - Re: [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/05/15/52196105 – (CVE-2023-32233) CVE-2023-32233 kernel: netfilter: use-after-free in nf_tables when processing batch requests can lead to privilege escalation
Affected: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2196105Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter, local privilege escalation | Hacker News
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35879660netfilter: nf_tables: deactivate anonymous set from preparation phase - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c1592a89942e9678f7d9c8030efa777c0d57edabcommit c1592a89942e (torvalds/linux)
Fix landed in torvalds/linux commit c1592a89942e — awaiting tagged release
https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/c1592a89942e9678f7d9c8030efa777c0d57edaboss-security - [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory
https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/05/08/4Vendor Advisories for CVE-2023-32233(20)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
- RHSA-2023:5622Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kernel security and bug fix update
- RHSA-2023:5621Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kernel-rt security and bug fix update
- RHSA-2023:5574Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kpatch-patch security update
- RHSA-2023:4256Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kernel security and bug fix update
- RHSA-2023:4255Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kernel-rt security and bug fix update
- RHSA-2023:4262Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kpatch-patch security update
- RHSA-2023:4146Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kpatch-patch security update
- RHSA-2023:4130Red Hat Product SecurityHigh
Red Hat Security Advisory: kernel security and bug fix update
- +12 more
Patch Availability(23)
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(13 across 12 ecosystems)
Debian:10(2)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux | 4.19.118-1 ... 4.19.98-1~bpo9+1 (43 versions) |
| — |
| linux-5.10 | 5.10.136-1~deb10u1 ... 5.10.178-3~deb10u1 (7 versions) |
| — |
Alpine:v3.18(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.19(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.20(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.21(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.22(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.23(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.24(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux-lts | — |
| — |
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux | 5.10.103-1 ... 5.10.92-2 (28 versions) |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux | — |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux | — |
| — |
Debian:14(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| linux | — |
| — |
Weakness Classification(1)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Additional Vendor Advisories
(6)
Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.
- Microsoft MSRCCVE-2023-322332023-05-16
In the Linux kernel through 6.3.1 a use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary read and write operations on kernel memory. Unprivileged local users can obtain root privileges. This occurs because anonymous sets are mishandled.
- Red HatRHSA-2023:3350IMPORTANT2023-05-02
RHSA-2023:3350 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2023:3351IMPORTANT2023-05-02
RHSA-2023:3351 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2023:4696IMPORTANT2023-05-02
RHSA-2023:4696 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2023:4699IMPORTANT2023-05-02
RHSA-2023:4699 — Important
- Red HatRHSA-2023:5419IMPORTANT2023-05-02
RHSA-2023:5419 — Important
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 43× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 97 of 211 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 3 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 114 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-10-31 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-30 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-29 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-28 19:36 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-28 19:36 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-28 19:36 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
- 2026-10-28 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-27 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-26 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-25 17:42 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-24 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-23 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-22 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-21 17:38 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-21 17:38 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-21 17:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
- 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-20 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-18 08:01 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-16 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
Show 72 moreShow fewer
- 2026-10-15 00:28 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-15 00:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
- 2026-10-14 23:29 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-14 23:29 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-14 23:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4qxv-phx5-f6fx · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.8
- 2026-10-14 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-14 07:24 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-13 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-12 18:27 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-11 21:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-08 17:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-30 16:23 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-29 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-27 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-26 00:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-24 14:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-23 12:39 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-22 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-12 14:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-08 21:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-05 15:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-04 13:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-04 07:29 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-04 05:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:20 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-18 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-17 18:29 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-16 14:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-15 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-11 13:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-08 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-07 16:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-04 15:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-02 13:57 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-02 02:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-01 04:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-07-30 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
Publicly available exploits
(3 references)Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (3 GitHub PoCs). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly.
- GitHub PoCLiuk3r/CVE-2023-32233Published May 16, 2023
CVE-2023-32233: Linux内核中的安全漏洞
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCoferchen/POC-CVE-2023-32233Published May 16, 2023
Use-After-Free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests CVE-2023-32233
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCPIDAN-HEIDASHUAI/CVE-2023-32233Published May 16, 2023
自用,poc作者为Piotr Krysiuk,在使用前请先阅读README.md
Open source ↗
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Same vendor
10 shownubuntu:USN-6123-1 · ubuntu:LSN-0095-1 · redhat:RHSA-2023:3852
Same CWE
10 shownCWE-416
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2023-32233?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2023-32233 published?
Is CVE-2023-32233 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-32233?
How do I remediate CVE-2023-32233?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2023-32233
Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2023-32233?
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