CVE-2023-31128

HIGHNVD 8.18.1
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This high-severity CVE scores 8.1 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 3.3% (88th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3
Elevated

Also known asEUVD-2023-35452 (ENISA EUVD)Source: ENISA EUVD

8.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • CISA's Vulnrichment rates exploitation as PoC; EchelonGraph holds no exploit-code reference for it
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 3.3%CVSS: 8.1Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

NextCloud Cookbook is a recipe library app. Prior to commit a46d9855 on the master branch and commit 489bb744 on the main-0.9.x branch, the pull-checks.yml workflow is vulnerable to command injection attacks because of using an untrusted github.head_ref field. The github.head_ref value is an attacker-controlled value. Assigning the value to zzz";echo${IFS}"hello";# can lead to command injection. Since the permission is not restricted, the attacker has a write-access to the repository. This issue is fixed in commit a46d9855 on the master branch and commit 489bb744 on the main-0.9.x branch. There is no risk for the user of the app within the NextCloud server. This only affects the main repository and possible forks of it. Those who have forked the NextCloud Cookbook repository should make sure their forks are on the latest version to prevent code injection attacks and similar.

CVSS v3
8.1
EG Score
8.1HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
52
EG Risk 52/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity81% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
3.3%
EPSS %ILE
88th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (8.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
8.1 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
3.3% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-28). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

May 26, 2023

Last Modified

January 14, 2025

Advisory Details (5)

Auto-updated Sep 13, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
Web page

Redirecting…

https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-actions-untrusted-input/
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

pull-checks.yml workflow is vulnerable · Advisory · nextcloud/cookbook · GitHub

https://github.com/nextcloud/cookbook/security/advisories/GHSA-c5pc-mf2f-xq8h
GitHub commit

commit a46d98559e2c (nextcloud/cookbook)

Fix landed in nextcloud/cookbook commit a46d98559e2c — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/nextcloud/cookbook/commit/a46d98559e2c64292da9ffb06138cccc2e50ae1b
GitHub commit Patch Available

commit 489bb744 (nextcloud/cookbook)

Patch available: nextcloud/cookbook v0.9.19 (contains commit 489bb744)

https://github.com/nextcloud/cookbook/commit/489bb744
Web page

cookbook/.github/workflows/pull-checks.yml at a14d6ffc4d45e1447556f68606129dfd6c1505cf · nextcloud/cookbook · GitHub

https://github.com/nextcloud/cookbook/blob/a14d6ffc4d45e1447556f68606129dfd6c1505cf/.github/workflows/pull-checks.yml#L67

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 35× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 95 of 207 refreshes on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 5 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 112 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-10-31 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  2. 2026-10-30 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  3. 2026-10-29 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  4. 2026-10-28 19:19 UTCEG score recompute
  5. 2026-10-28 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  6. 2026-10-27 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  7. 2026-10-26 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  8. 2026-10-25 17:43 UTCEG score recompute
  9. 2026-10-25 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  10. 2026-10-24 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  11. 2026-10-23 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  12. 2026-10-22 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  13. 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  14. 2026-10-21 01:59 UTCEG score recompute
  15. 2026-10-20 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  16. 2026-10-19 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  17. 2026-10-18 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  18. 2026-10-18 08:03 UTCEG score recompute
  19. 2026-10-17 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  20. 2026-10-16 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  21. 2026-10-15 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  22. 2026-10-14 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  23. 2026-10-14 04:54 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-10-13 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  25. 2026-10-12 18:27 UTCEG score recompute
Show 70 more
  1. 2026-10-12 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  2. 2026-10-11 21:53 UTCEG score recompute
  3. 2026-10-11 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  4. 2026-10-10 19:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  5. 2026-10-09 20:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  6. 2026-10-08 17:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  7. 2026-10-07 23:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  8. 2026-10-06 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  9. 2026-10-05 17:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  10. 2026-10-03 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  11. 2026-10-02 16:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  12. 2026-10-01 19:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  13. 2026-09-30 16:22 UTCEG score recompute
  14. 2026-09-30 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  15. 2026-09-29 15:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  16. 2026-09-28 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  17. 2026-09-27 13:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  18. 2026-09-26 00:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  19. 2026-09-24 14:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  20. 2026-09-23 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  21. 2026-09-23 11:23 UTCOSV refresh
  22. 2026-09-22 14:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  23. 2026-09-16 14:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 88th percentile
  24. 2026-09-13 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  25. 2026-09-12 14:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  26. 2026-09-11 14:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  27. 2026-09-11 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  28. 2026-09-08 21:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  29. 2026-09-07 15:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  30. 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  31. 2026-09-05 15:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  32. 2026-09-04 13:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  33. 2026-09-04 06:16 UTCOSV refresh
  34. 2026-09-04 05:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  35. 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  36. 2026-09-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  37. 2026-08-30 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  38. 2026-08-30 01:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  39. 2026-08-28 21:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  40. 2026-08-27 14:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  41. 2026-08-26 14:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  42. 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  43. 2026-08-24 14:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  44. 2026-08-23 00:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  45. 2026-08-21 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  46. 2026-08-20 22:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  47. 2026-08-19 17:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  48. 2026-08-18 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  49. 2026-08-17 17:29 UTCOSV refresh
  50. 2026-08-17 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  51. 2026-08-16 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  52. 2026-08-16 02:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  53. 2026-08-15 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  54. 2026-08-13 21:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  55. 2026-08-12 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  56. 2026-08-11 13:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  57. 2026-08-09 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  58. 2026-08-08 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  59. 2026-08-07 16:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  60. 2026-08-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  61. 2026-08-05 19:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  62. 2026-08-04 15:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  63. 2026-08-04 10:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  64. 2026-08-03 10:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  65. 2026-08-02 12:27 UTCOSV refresh
  66. 2026-08-02 02:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  67. 2026-08-01 04:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  68. 2026-07-30 16:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  69. 2026-07-30 01:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile
  70. 2026-07-28 15:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 3.3% · 87th percentile

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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2023-31128?
CVE-2023-31128 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on May 26, 2023. NextCloud Cookbook is a recipe library app. Prior to commit a46d9855 on the master branch and commit 489bb744 on the main-0.9.x branch, the pull-checks.yml workflow is vulnerable to command injection attacks because of using an untrusted github.head_ref field. The github.head_ref value is an…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2023-31128 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2023-31128 was published on May 26, 2023. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of January 14, 2025; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2023-31128 actively exploited?
CVE-2023-31128 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 3.3% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (88th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2023-31128?
CVE-2023-31128 has a CVSS v3 base score of 8.1 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2023-31128?
A fix for CVE-2023-31128 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

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