An issue was discovered in the Bidirectional Algorithm in the Unicode Specification through 14.0. It permits the visual reordering of characters via control sequences, which can be used to craft source code that renders different logic than the logical ordering of tokens ingested by compilers and interpreters. Adversaries can leverage this to encode source code for compilers accepting Unicode such that targeted vulnerabilities are introduced invisibly to human reviewers. NOTE: the Unicode Consortium offers the following alternative approach to presenting this concern. An issue is noted in the nature of international text that can affect applications that implement support for The Unicode Standard and the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (all versions). Due to text display behavior when text includes left-to-right and right-to-left characters, the visual order of tokens may be different from their logical order. Additionally, control characters needed to fully support the requirements of bidirectional text can further obfuscate the logical order of tokens. Unless mitigated, an adversary could craft source code such that the ordering of tokens perceived by human reviewers does not match what will be processed by a compiler/interpreter/etc. The Unicode Consortium has documented this class of vulnerability in its document, Unicode Technical Report #36, Unicode Security Considerations. The Unicode Consortium also provides guidance on mitigations for this class of issues in Unicode Technical Standard #39, Unicode Security Mechanisms, and in Unicode Standard Annex #31, Unicode Identifier and Pattern Syntax. Also, the BIDI specification allows applications to tailor the implementation in ways that can mitigate misleading visual reordering in program text; see HL4 in Unicode Standard Annex #9, Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm.
CVE-2021-42574
“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.
This high-severity CVE scores 8.3 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 13% (96th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.
Also known asEUVD-2021-29541 (ENISA EUVD)Source: ENISA EUVD
- Public exploit or proof-of-concept code is available
A fix is available — apply it.
- CVSS v3
- 8.3
- EG Score
- 8.3HIGHmedium confidence
- EG Risk
- 53EG Risk 53/100
EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.
How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)Severity83% × 45%Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 8.3 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.Exploitation40% × 40%EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.Automatability0% × 15%CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high. - EPSS PROB
- 13%
- EPSS %ILE
- 96th
- KEV
- Not listed
What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)
The EG score (8.3): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 8.3 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.
- EG Severity
- 8.3 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
- EG Likelihood
- 13% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-10-27). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
- Confirmed exploitation
- None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
- EG Priority
- SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table
BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.
The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it
Published
November 1, 2021
Last Modified
November 21, 2024
Advisory Details (10)
Auto-updated Sep 5, 2026Rust: Multiple Vulnerabilities (GLSA 202210-09) — Gentoo security
https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202210-09[SECURITY] Fedora 34 Update: rust-1.56.1-1.fc34 - package-announce - Fedora mailing-lists
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QUPA37D57VPTDLSXOOGF4UXUEADOC4PQ/[SECURITY] Fedora 35 Update: rust-1.56.1-1.fc35 - package-announce - Fedora mailing-lists
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/LQNTFF24ROHLVPLUOEISBN3F7QM27L4U/[SECURITY] Fedora 33 Update: rust-1.56.1-1.fc33 - package-announce - Fedora mailing-lists
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IH2RG5YTR6ZZOLUV3EUPZEIJR7XHJLVD/oss-security - Re: Trojan Source Attacks
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/11/02/10oss-security - Re: CVE-2021-42574: rustc 1.56.0 and bidirectional-override codepoints in source code
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/11/01/5oss-security - Re: CVE-2021-42574: rustc 1.56.0 and bidirectional-override codepoints in source code
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/11/01/4oss-security - CVE-2021-42574: rustc 1.56.0 and bidirectional-override codepoints in source code
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/11/01/1Vendor Advisories for CVE-2021-42574(14)
These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.
- RHSA-2021:4730Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: devtoolset-11-binutils security update
- RHSA-2021:4729Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: devtoolset-11-annobin security update
- RHSA-2021:4724Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: devtoolset-10-annobin security update
- RHSA-2021:4723Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: devtoolset-10-binutils security update
- RHSA-2021:4694Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: rust-toolset-1.54-rust security update
- RHSA-2021:4669Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: devtoolset-11-gcc security update
- RHSA-2021:4596Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: binutils security update
- RHSA-2021:4602Red Hat Product SecurityMedium
Red Hat Security Advisory: binutils security update
- +6 more
Patch Availability(30)
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
Affected Packages
(10 across 10 ecosystems)
Alpine:v3.19(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rust | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.20(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rust | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.21(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rust | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.22(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rust | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.23(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rust | — |
| — |
Alpine:v3.24(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rust | — |
| — |
Debian:11(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rustc | 1.48.0+dfsg1-2 ... 1.96.0+dfsg1-1~exp1 (200 versions) |
| — |
Debian:12(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rustc | — |
| — |
Debian:13(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rustc | — |
| — |
Debian:14(1)
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fix by version range | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| rustc | — |
| — |
Weakness Classification(1)
MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.
Additional Vendor Advisories
(17)
Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4034MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4034 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4035MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4035 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4036MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4036 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4037MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4037 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4038MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4038 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4586MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4586 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4588MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4588 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4589MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4589 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4590MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4590 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4591MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4591 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4592MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4592 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4593MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4593 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4594MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4594 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4598MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4598 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4599MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4599 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4600MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4600 — Moderate
- Red HatRHSA-2021:4649MODERATE2021-11-01
RHSA-2021:4649 — Moderate
Data Freshness Timeline
(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 37× in last 30d)
Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). Most recent first.
Showing the most recent 96 of 203 refreshes on record for this CVE.
A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 4 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 107 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.
- 2026-11-02 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-11-01 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-31 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-30 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-29 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-28 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-28 05:11 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-28 05:11 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-27 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-26 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-25 18:21 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-25 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-24 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-23 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-22 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-21 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-21 08:54 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-21 08:54 UTCVendor advisory
- 2026-10-20 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-19 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-18 08:53 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-17 16:55 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-10-17 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-16 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-15 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
Show 71 moreShow fewer
- 2026-10-14 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-13 16:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-12 19:09 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-12 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-11 23:34 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-10-11 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-10 19:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-09 20:04 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-08 16:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-07 23:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-06 15:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-05 17:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-03 14:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-02 16:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-10-01 19:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-30 15:42 UTCEG score recompute
- 2026-09-30 15:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-29 15:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-28 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-27 13:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-26 15:54 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-26 00:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-25 13:15 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-24 14:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-23 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-22 14:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-21 20:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-20 20:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-19 15:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-18 19:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-17 19:23 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-16 14:05 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-15 03:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-12 14:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-11 14:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-11 09:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-08 21:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-07 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-06 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-06 04:22 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-09-05 15:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-04 13:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-04 05:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-02 14:09 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-01 13:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-09-01 03:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-30 19:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-30 01:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-28 21:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-27 14:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-26 14:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 96th percentile
- 2026-08-25 13:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 13% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-24 14:13 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-23 00:16 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-21 23:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-20 22:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-19 17:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-19 15:29 UTCOSV refresh
- 2026-08-18 13:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-16 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-16 02:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-15 01:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-13 21:57 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-12 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-11 13:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-09 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-08 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-07 16:24 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-06 13:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-05 19:14 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 12% · 95th percentile
- 2026-08-04 11:27 UTCOSV refresh
Publicly available exploits
(5 references)Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (2 GitHub PoCs), as are 3 GitHub checker repositories. A GitHub repository named or described as a checker or scanner checks whether a system is affected; it is not necessarily exploit code. Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly.
- GitHub checkerrakib-nyc/nulloriginPublished Aug 16, 2026
Research-only AI watermark & provenance robustness toolkit: local reverse proxy (OpenAI/Anthropic/Gemini) + CLI stripping C2PA/EXIF/XMP, zero-width & homoglyph Unicode, KGW text watermarks, DWT/Tree-Ring image stego, AudioSeal, PDF/DOCX/PPTX/XLSX metadata, and Trojan Source (CVE-2021-42574) code scanning.
Open source ↗ - GitHub checkerMoshe-ship/bidi-guardPublished Mar 21, 2026
Scan code for invisible bidirectional Unicode characters (Trojan Source attack prevention, CVE-2021-42574)
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCtin-z/solidity_CVE-2021-42574-POCPublished Jan 31, 2023
POC of CVE-2021-42574 for solidity and solc compiler
Open source ↗ - GitHub checkermaweil/bidi_char_detectorPublished Nov 6, 2021
Checks your files for existence of Unicode BIDI characters which can be misused for supply chain attacks. See CVE-2021-42574
Open source ↗ - GitHub PoCsimplylu/CVE-2021-42574Published Nov 2, 2021
Generate malicious files using recently published bidi-attack (CVE-2021-42574)
Open source ↗
Related CVEs(same product + same CWE)
Same product
10 shownAlpine:v3.19:rust · Alpine:v3.20:rust · Alpine:v3.23:rust
Frequently asked(5)
What is CVE-2021-42574?
When was the CVE record for CVE-2021-42574 published?
Is CVE-2021-42574 actively exploited?
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2021-42574?
How do I remediate CVE-2021-42574?
Dependency Blast Radius
See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2021-42574
Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2021-42574?
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